Folsom Culture Ancient Bison Hunters in North American

Folsom is the name given to the archaeological sites and isolated finds that are associated with early Paleoindian hunter-gatherers of the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains and American Southwest in North America, between about 13,000-11,900 calendar years ago (cal BP). Folsom as a technology is believed to have developed out of Clovis mammoth hunting strategies in North America, which lasted dated between 13.3-12.8 cal BP. Folsom sites are differentiated from other Paleoindian hunter-gatherer groups such as Clovis by a specific and distinctive stone tool-making technology. Folsom technology refers to projectile points made with a channel flake down the center on one or both sides, and the lack of a robust blade technology. Clovis people were primarily, but not entirely mammoth hunters, an economy that was much more wide-spread than Folsom, and scholars argue that when the mammoth died off at the beginning of the Younger Dryas period, people in the southern Plains developed a new technology to exploit buffalo: Folsom. Folsom Technology A different technology was required because buffalo (or more properly, bison (Bison antiquus))  are faster and weigh much less than elephants (Mammuthus columbi. Extinct forms of adult buffalo weighed in at about 900 kilograms or 1,000 pounds, while elephants reached 8,000 kg (17,600 lbs). In general terms (Buchanan et al. 2011), the size of a projectile point is associated with the  size of the animal killed: points found at bison kill sites are smaller, lighter and a different shape than those found at mammoth kill sites. Like Clovis points, Folsom points are lanceolate or lozenge-shaped. Like Clovis points, Folsom were not arrow or spear points but were likely attached to darts and delivered by atlatl throwing sticks. But the main diagnostic feature of Folsom points is the channel flute, a technology that sends flintknappers and regular archaeologists alike (including me) into flights of rapturous admiration. Experimental archaeology indicates that Folsom projectile points were highly effective. Hunzicker (2008) ran experimental archaeology tests and found that nearly 75% of accurate shots penetrated deep into bovine carcasses despite rib impact. Point replicas used in these experiments sustained minor or no damage, surviving unimpaired for an average of 4.6 shots per point. Most of the  damage was restricted to the tip, where it could be resharpened: and the archaeological record shows that resharpening of Folsom points was practiced. Channel Flakes and Fluting Legions of archaeologists have investigated the making and sharpening of such tools, including blade length and width, selected source material (Edwards Chert and Knife River Flint) and how and why the points were manufactured and fluted. These legions conclude that the Folsom lanceolate formed points were incredibly well made to start with, but the flintknapper risked the entire project to remove a channel flake for the length of the point on both sides, resulting in a remarkably thin profile. A channel flake is removed by a single very carefully placed blow at the right location and if it misses, the point shatters. Some archaeologists, such as McDonald, believe that making the flute was such a dangerous and unnecessarily high-risk behavior that it must have had a socio-cultural role in the communities. Contemporaneous Goshen points are basically Folsom points without the fluting, and they seem to be just as successful at killing prey. Folsom Economies Folsom bison hunter-gatherers lived in small highly mobile groups, traveling large areas of land during their seasonal round. To be successful at living on bison, you have to follow the migration patterns of the herds throughout the plains. Evidence that they did that is the presence of lithic materials transported up to 900 kilometers (560 miles) from their source areas. Two models of mobility have been suggested for Folsom, but Folsom people probably practiced both in different places at different times of the year. The first is a very high degree of residential mobility, where the entire band moved following the bison. The second model is that of reduced mobility, in which the band would settle down near predictable resources (lithic raw materials, wood, potable water, small game, and plants) and just send out hunting groups. The Mountaineer Folsom site, located on a mesa-top in Colorado, contained the remains of a rare house associated with Folsom, built of upright poles made of aspen trees set in a tipi-fashion with plant material and daub used to fill the gaps. Slabs of rock were used to anchor the base and lower walls. Some Folsom Sites Texas: Chispa Creek, Debra L. Friedkin, Hot Tubb, Lake Theo, Lipscomb, Lubbock Lake, Scharbauer, Shifting SandsNew Mexico: Blackwater Draw, Folsom, Rio RanchoOklahoma: Cooper, Jake Bluff, WaughColorado: Barger Gulch, Stewarts Cattle Guard, Lindenmeier, Linger, Mountaineer, ReddinWyoming: Agate Basin, Carter/Kerr-McGee, Hanson, Hell Gap, Rattlesnake PassMontana: Indian CreekNorth Dakota: Big Black, Bobtail Wolf, Lake Ilo The Folsom type site is a bison kill site, in Wild Horse Arroyo near the town of the Folsom, New Mexico. It was famously discovered in 1908 by the African-American cowboy George McJunkins, although stories vary. Folsom was excavated in the 1920s by Jesse Figgins and reinvestigated in the 1990s by Southern Methodist University, led by David Meltzer. The site has evidence that 32 bison were trapped and killed at Folsom; radiocarbon dates on the bones indicated an average of 10,500 RCYBP. Sources Andrews BN, Labelle JM, and Seebach JD. 2008. Spatial Variability in the Folsom Archaeological Record: A Multi-Scalar Approach. American Antiquity 73(3):464-490. Ballenger JAM, Holliday VT, Kowler AL, Reitze WT, Prasciunas MM, Shane Miller D, and Windingstad JD. 2011. Evidence for Younger Dryas global climate oscillation and human response in the American Southwest. Quaternary International 242(2):502-519. Bamforth DB. 2011. Origin Stories, Archaeological Evidence, and Postclovis Paleoindian Bison Hunting on the Great Plains. American Antiquity 71(1):24-40. Bement L, and Carter B. 2010. Jake Bluff: Clovis Bison Hunting on the Southern Plains of North America. American Antiquity  75(4):907-933. Buchanan B. 2006. An analysis of Folsom projectile point resharpening using quantitative comparisons of form and allometry. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(2):185-199. Buchanan B, Collard M, Hamilton MJ, and O’Brien MJ. 2011. Points and prey: a quantitative test of the hypothesis that prey size influences early Paleoindian projectile point form. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(4):852-864. Hunzicker DA. 2008. Folsom Projectile Technology: An Experiment in Design, Effectiveness Plains Anthropologist 53(207):291-311.and Efficiency. Lyman RL. 2015. Location and Position in Archaeology: Revisiting the Original Association of a Folsom Point with Bison Ribs. American Antiquity 80(4):732-744. MacDonald DH. 2010. The Evolution of Folsom Fluting. Plains Anthropologist 55(213):39-54. Stiger M. 2006. A Folsom structure in the Colorado mountains. American Antiquity 71:321-352.

Did Television Turn People Into Watchers, Not Doers

Did Television Turn People Into Watchers, Not Doers? With the invention of television our life became more fun. We received a great way of entertainment, and now in order to relax, we just have to push a button and find a program that is the most interesting for us. We can choose a show most appropriate for our current mood, whether it is curious, sad, fun, or any other. But let us consider the habits that television has developed in us. TV has certainly made many people lazier. Before its invention people knew that they had to go in for some activity to have fun. But now they just have to take a sit and switch on the TV set. Lack of physical activities is also a result of coach-potato lifestyle, which is conditioned by television. Besides, due to such lifestyles different health disorders may occur. Almost all the people realize the threats related to constant TV watching, but the other risks may not be obvious to everyone. One of them is that TV urges us to watch other people’s lives, and some people can get so involved in some program that they forget to manage their own life. They just watch, doing nothing. And that is not the way things should be. People have to live in action. Their body and mind depend on it. If a person is eager only to watch TV, he/she is not acting, which is contradictory to the very human existence. Everyone has to decide what role TV will play in his/her life and it is highly recommended to limit its influence as much as possible. We have only one life and watching other people’s lives is not the best way of spending it.

Destroying the Rain Forests Human effects on Natures Essay

Destroying the Rain Forests: Human effects on Natures The rain forests are one of the most unique places on the planet earth. They are home to several thousand species of animals that live no where else in the world1. They are also one of the primary sources of oxygegn of the world. One cannot even begin to describe the sheer beauty of the rain forests. However, the interaction of man with these marvels of nature has had a negative effect. Through agriculture, societal development and the search for raw materials mankind is destroying these marvels of nature. The rain forests are a display of the negative effects of humans on nature. One of the biggest destroyers of the rainforest is farming. Farmers in areas inhabited by the†¦show more content†¦They are being converted from forest into villages, towns and cities. These areas are basically irrecoverable and will probably never be capable of being turned back into rain forests6. These cities also lead to more destruction of the rain forests. With the population growing and more and more cities developing, people are using up natural resources at an astounding rate. In order to combat this humans are forced to find new sources for these resources. Humans have hardly explored the rain forests because they have not been really open to human exposure7. This gives them reason to believe that they can find natural resources there so they are searching them and destroying the ecosystems there at the same time. The search for resources along with the destruction of the rain forests for agriculture and for living space is having negative effects on the rain forest and the environment. Humans are having a negative effect on the environment by destroying the rainforests. By destroying the rainforests, they are destroying the source of over sixty percent of the earths precious oxygen8. This may surprise some people because we are still breathing but if the destruction continues we will be breathing in a lot less oxygen and a lot more impurities like excess carbon dioxide and other pollutants9. The rainforest do not only produce oxygen but they also reduce global warming10. When humans breathe, they exhale carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is theShow MoreRelatedStop The Destruction of the Rainforest Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe destruction of the Rain Forest should be prohibited. Planet Earth is accelerating at an alarming rate; moving towards its own self-destruction. What we learned in high school taught us the importance of converting carbon dioxide into oxygen. Without this conversion process, life as we know it today could possibly cease to exist. The rainforest provides much needed oxygen for the planet. Numerous rainforests exist around the globe. The largest rain forest is in Brazil. ThisRead MoreDeforestation Essay1175 Words   |  5 Pagesvery difficult to breathe. This planet will have nothing to protect people from the sun, nothing to slowdown the forces of the wind, and nothing to anchor topsoil from eroding in the rain. The conditions at this imaginary planet can become our reality on earth if we do not stop deforestation. There are many negative effects of deforestation. However, for the scope of this paper, I will discuss three primary issues on how deforestation harms our environment. I will begin this paper with a brief look atRead MoreDeforestation In The Amazon Rainforest Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Deforestation is the clearing of a forest and/or cutting down of trees for human benefits such as agriculture, wood exports, etc. Deforestation is the cause of numerous environmental impacts such as habitat loss, flooding and soil erosion. It can also cause climate change, by reducing the amount of rainfall and changing the amount of sunlight reflected from Earth’s surface and increases the risk of forest . Tree growth is important for biodiversity because they absorb carbon dioxideRead MoreEffects in our Environment and a Christian’s Role in Preserving and Restoring it1088 Words   |  5 Pagesthe industrial era, humans have contributed to a wide range of negative affects concerning the environment, and the current condition of our environment. Pollution alone contributes to global warming and public health warning; while deforestation affects our climate, ecological system, and water table cycle. Research that will be provided in this essay will reveal how pollution and deforestation have many negative impacts on our environment significantly; by identifying effects on the environmentRead MoreDeforestation : A Global Problem1624 Words   |  7 Pagesto be stopped. Deforestation is clearing the earth’s forest in order to make room for things like buildings roads and other man made structures. I chose to investigate more into the topic of deforestation as there is a constant need for more money and land, as it is destroying and causing huge amounts of damage. Throughout my argument I will be answering questions such as, what is deforestation, what are the pros and cons and what are the effects of deforestation. Overall I will prove why all of myRead MoreInvestigation of the Issue of Deforestation Essay1240 Words   |  5 Pagesoften replace rain forest to grow beef for the world market. Commercial logging is another common form of deforestation, cutting trees for sale as timber or pulp. Logging can occur selectively-where only the economically valuable species are cut-or by clear cutting, where all the trees are cut. Commercial logging uses heavy machinery, such as bulldozers, road graders, and log skidders, to remove cut trees and build roads, which is just as damaging to a forest overall asRead MoreEssay on Human Impact on the Environment1544 Words   |  7 Pages Human Impact on the Environment About three hundred years ago there was a definite spurt in the population of the human race. This was brought about with advancements in sanitation and technology, as well as a dramatic fall in the death rate. By around 1850 the worlds population had grown to about 1 billion and by 1930 it had risen to 2 billion. The current figure is around 6 billion and at this rate the United Nations estimates the population will be at about 9 billionRead MoreThe Effects Of Hunting On The World Of Hunting889 Words   |  4 Pagesof hunting, and with the impact of over population of deer in the U.S has made a big impact on our crops and forests, and how hunting can be good for your health with it providing exercise and healthy eating. I will now begin to skim the surface of these subjects. Hunting is a very controversial subject that has only become more sensitive now days. Some say that hunting is murder, destroying the environment due to the possibility of exceeding proper limitations. Most hunters are out there to bag aRead MoreMan s Quest Always Conquers, Outdoes And Destroys What Nature Has Created By Emily Dickinson903 Words   |  4 PagesAs the result of rapid industrialization and other human activities like chemical testing and deforestation, the Earth became loaded with pollutants. Pollution is a serious problem because it causes global warming, acid rain, famine, water shortage, disease, genetic mutation, and many different types of problems. Most environmental pollution is the result of human activities such as deforestation, automobile emissions, radioactive waste, fuel combustion, etc. in my essay, I will prove that man’sRead MoreShould Humans Have Change The Outcome Of Global Warming?918 Words   |  4 Pagestables a giant open system of gas op erated around them every second. Back then, this system was running fine, but presently, current humans find themselves in the dilemma of understanding how this ambiguous giant system works everyday to support their lives and even in fixing what may or may not be broken about it. The purpose of this study is to explore options that humans have to change the outcome of global warming by looking at what the primary causes are and what options are available by reviewing

Comparative Study on the Origin of Religion free essay sample

Since the early 1800s, there had been an ample amount of skeptics trying to account for the origin of religion. The basic question on everybody’s mind was where does religion come from? Some believed that people developed religion because they didn’t understand the forces of nature around them. Others believe that religion was created as a way of restrain people. In the 19th century, people were introduced to social science and anthropologists who once studied primitive culture were exposed to several theories on the origin of religion. Edward B Tylor was one of the first who developed a theory on religion. Max Muller was a German professor at Oxford University whose interest included Indian mythology and the study of religion. Another anthropologist was George Frazer who key contributions to religious anthropology was a religious encyclopedia. There are many explanations to the origin of religion, one of the most prominent being Edward B. Tylor’s theory of animism. This theory is considered the foundation of the physical evolution of religion; two other influential religious anthropologists, Max Muller and James Frazer, also based their explanations of the origin of religion on nature. All three religious anthropologists are similar in the sense that they traced the evolution of religion in an attempt to figure out the origin of it but differ in the way they approach the concept of religion. Edward B. Tylor developed the theory of animism to help explain the most rudimentary form of religion. Animism is defined as the belief that attributes souls and spirits to humans, plants, animals and other entities. Animistic religious beliefs are well-known among primitive societies who were â€Å"so low in culture as to have no religious conceptions what so ever† (Tylor). Tylor considered animism as the most primitive phase in the development of religion. He believed that the reflection of dreams and the observation of death caused primitive people to develop the idea of souls and spirits. Tylor thought that primitive people believed that everything in nature had a soul within it. He hypothesized that a belief in animism led to the formation of a more generalized god and, eventually, the creation of monotheism. Animism ultimately led to the evolution of religion in the minds of the people. It led them to take something so simple as nature and use it to explain the natural phenomenon in their environment. A conflicting theory that uses the concept of evolution is that of Max Muller. Another theory of the origin of religion was developed by Max Muller. He believed that people first developed religion from the observation of nature. According to his theory, primitive people became aware of regularity of the seasons, the tides and the phases of the moon. Their response to these forces in nature was to personalize them†(Hopfe and Woodward). They personalized them through linguistics. Muller believed that development of religion was a cause of confusion in language (Goldsmith). There seems to be a divide between Muller and Tylor over the nature of the origin o f religion. Max Muller believed that the answer to the sole origin of religion could be found in the past and a person can trace its origin in the linguistic remnants in the Indo-European languages. Tylor thought that implementing an ethnological approach would be more successful than studying languages for answers of the origin of religion. Evolution of religion is evident in Muller’s theory because â€Å"they personified the forces of nature, created myths to describe their activities, and eventually developed pantheons and religions around them† (Hopfe and Woodward). By developing religions and pantheons from identifying the forces in nature is a clear sign of the evolution of religion in the human mind set. Even though their theories are different, the idea of evolution of religion in the human mind is evident in both Muller and Tylor’s theory. Sir James George Frazer, a fellow religious anthropologist, began developing his own theories on religion. Frazer believed that humans used magic as a way to control nature and the events around them and when that failed, they turned to religion. They used religion to control the events for a while and when religion failed they turned to science. Frazer’s theories were similar to those of Tylor. They both believed that the human mind developed in the same way as that of physical evolution.. Even though Frazer took a similar approach to Tylor in tracing the origin of religion, he modified Tylor’s theory and replaced Tylor’s theory of animism with his idea of magic. A similarity between Frazer and Tylor is that they both believed that religion began from an intentional method of describing and making sense of a strange world. Frazer replaces the idea that religion explains nature by introducing science as a substitute. Frazer’s approach to tracing the origin of religion is similar to that of Tylor and Muller since all three traced the evolution of religion in an attempt to figure out its origin. Both Muller and Frazer’s theory are similar to Tylor’s theory since both trace the origin of religion through the evolution of it but differ in the way they interpret religion. All three of them seemed to miss a vital element of religion which is that no one who practices religion is doing so to explain how the world works. People use religion for several reasons. Some use it to give meaning to their lives while others use it to enforce social order. Maybe all three anthropologists didn’t miss this key component but rather didn’t know about it due to the rapid evolution of religion.

Climate Change and Renewable Energy Options

Introduction There is a lack of access to energy in most of the world states. This has for quite a long time been the problem to economic development in these world countries. Statistics show that only 31 percent of the Sub-Saharan countries use electricity, with only 10 percent in the rural areas.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change and Renewable Energy Options specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides the energy access challenges, the â€Å"traditional biomass† only supplies 85percent of the energy and only 80percent is used in some Asian countries1. With lack of energy access becoming a major concern in the world, there has been concern for the development of required energy security and coming up with ways to supply the energy. The need to adapt to change in climate has been another challenge for sustainable development in the world. Research shows that Asia contributes about 5percent of the â€Å"global GHG emissions† but this is however tampered by variations in climate change such as food security, water supply, biodiversity, and diseases brought about by climate2. These challenges of energy and climate change are related and therefore there is concern on the methods which society uses to produce energy, distribute and consume it. Policies related to attain the energy goals through â€Å"sustainable† means and through methods that do not consume more carbon are important. Coming up with renewable energy policies and implementing them can be of great help in access to â€Å"clean† energy3. Methods of energy production such as coal and fossil emit more carbon other methods such as hydro, bio-energy, wind, PV technology, and solar thermal offer the most available options. The energy and climate policy makers should put more emphasis on doing away with the challenges to renewable energy development through methods such as the ones above. Other method s such as â€Å"net metering†, â€Å"feed-in tariff†, and â€Å"renewable energy portfolio† are put forward to promote less carbon energy consumption ways4. Therefore with more concern in the world on sustainable development, there is need to develop the energy sector and putting more emphasis on renewable energy. Moreover, the policy makers need to know that the relationship between energy security and climate change and methods that are aimed at producing less carbon vital.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Key Drivers of Climate Change Most of the problems experienced in climate change are largely as a result of what happens outside the â€Å"sector†5. Factors such as the increase in population, the increase in the human beings’ purchasing power and increase in international trade are putting more pressure on forests. The rise on road ne tworking development has acted as a way to attract more investors in agricultural development and bringing into place new trends in the rural area economic developments. The high demand of forest products and the need for investment in new species of plants have changed the natural sceneries in the rural areas and the general landscape. The rise in deforestation has been accelerated by low wages among the world population, rich soils that encourage other forms of agriculture, and the rise in agricultural prices that encourage people to do away with forests in favour of crops. There is however a need for good governance and clear policies regarding land tenure as these has eased the problem of climate change. However, research shows that even in areas where there is good governance and good policies regarding forestation, the problem of tree cutting in favour of other forms of agriculture has been on the rise. The existence of various classes of world economies in the rural setting a nd the rise of the middle class economies has put more pressure on environmental services that are highly demanded and the use of forests. In curbing the current trends, the institutions that are concerned with development are playing important roles in such climate change situations. Since policies are often led by â€Å"hidden hands† that have seen the rise on the call â€Å"economic and social† justice proper allocation of land and creating other forms of employment that can remove the pressure on forests that are as a result of the low income of the world population6. This kind of effect can be helpful than the direct efforts to deal with such problem. The culture of a society also affects the way forests are treated by its people. Changes in the culture of the societies have been beneficial in the rural developments and brought more changes in forestry. They have been interacting with other communities such as the organizations, environmental NGO’s, the gov ernments and other private sectors in encouraging environmental awareness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change and Renewable Energy Options specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Demographic Changes There is an increase in the rate of rural to urban migration in recent years due to high level of socioeconomic development, and this has brought about industrialization. However, more people are now employed in the urban towns that make them more Stable and avoid a lot of tree cutting in the rural areas. The rate of population growth in urban areas is expected to rise and this will put more pressure on forests. Rural depopulation is likely to affect climate change in various ways because of the increase in economic â€Å"downturn†. Even though most of the people are leaving for the urban centres, there are those that have remained and are low income earners that may be forced to cut down the resources. M oreover, lack of efficient land-tenure systems in the rural areas may motivate the people to cut down the forests. Changes in agriculture due to increase in technology that have paved way for large scale commercial agriculture may lead to clearance of forests and increase of population around the agricultural areas may imply that there would be more clearing of forests. The consequences of climate change as a result of the rural population growth will be dependent on the rural development policy and the form of governance in existence. In cases where there are no proper policies and poor governance, there is the possibility that there will be more clearance of the forest resources. However, there have been cases where high populations have been motivated to invest in forest resources. Nevertheless, factors such as population growth, local migration and the rise of urbanization, and â€Å"out migration† have eased rural development changes. These factors have acted in a way th at it is easy to manage forests in the rural areas since the pressure on land is reduced being used for agriculture is reduced. Strategies Climate change has become a serious problem in the world today. Even though most countries shall focus on reducing emissions and putting more emphasis on mitigation efforts, there have been more climate change scenarios that are as a result of human beings. There have been concerns in reducing the â€Å"greenhouse† gas emissions, and several strategies are in place to help in dealing with the problem of climate change.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Addressing the problem of Conversion of forests to other land uses Most countries are now dealing with the problem of conversion of most of their land to other agricultural uses. Most people have for long been forced to clear forests in favour of agricultural use because of the economic crisis. There have been measures in place to control this problem and the countries have emphasized and encouraged her citizens that even though achieving food and energy security might be a major concern for most of the people, it is important for the people to know that investing in forests is as important too. This has however, forced many countries to adopt an â€Å"integrated† landscape approach in expecting their policies. This ensure that the use of land should not only be for agricultural purposes but considering other values such as the value of other goods and services that come as a result of forest and tree conservation. Clearly, one of the main reasons for forest conversion to agr icultural use is for â€Å"bio-fuels†. Some governments provide incentives that are adequate to the farmers and this has reduced the problem of conversion of land forests into agricultural purposes. Various National Forest Monitoring Systems The Food Agricultural Organization has put in place a system that monitors, collects, analyses and gives a comprehensive report on the uses of forests in the member countries. This is aimed at managing forests in the most efficient manner. This system is important since it can assess the status of the forests over a period of time so that the organization can know on the way forward regarding the sustainable management of the forests. The statistics provided by this system is vital in knowing how important the forests are to the particular country and their contribution to the countries in achieving their goals and coming up with the required â€Å"climate change adoption strategies†7. Alleviating Poverty as proposed by REDD This o rganization emphasizes on the need to reduce poverty in the world states, improving the leadership in regard to forest conservation, conserving â€Å"biodiversity† and the need to provide other services related to the environment. The rate of clearing trees has been on the rise because of the poor economy where people are aiming at using the forest land for agricultural purposes instead of investing in trees for future use which do not seem to come. The organization has encouraged governments that should they control poverty, then the rate of tree clearance shall be minimal. The organization moreover, delivers low emission costs for products at a short time. Therefore in sustainable development the organization has encouraged the countries to be aware that this should start from controlling the way people are living in terms of their economic status. Stressing on the Importance of Forests Forests are important just like investing in the agricultural sector. Some countries are involved in monitoring and care for the forests, have come up with policies that are aimed at rewarding the conservation bodies. There are organizations in various countries that monitor the forests to ensure that are in good health and to see if there is any harm by pets and other diseases. Moreover, countries have ways to implement fire control measures. This ensure that the forests are not tampered with at any point. Several measures related to forest can be understood through â€Å"SFM† and the measures insist on the importance of curbing climate change. The measures that are also provided by REDD help in monitoring the forests. Monitoring of forests ensures that the required â€Å"interventions† are put in place for the safety of the forests. Low Carbon Growth Increased pressure in the Atmosphere The issue of carbon dioxide cut makes it a problem for the upper atmosphere to â€Å"absorb† the greenhouse gases. This is a problem since it cannot be possible t o absorb the greenhouse gases without tampering with the ecosystem. The ecosystem is essential for the health of all the human beings and their â€Å"welfare†8. Even though the use of technology has enabled human beings to get the resources in the most efficient manner, through the emissions from the greenhouses into the atmosphere but the same technology has not provided the best way to clean up such gases in the atmosphere. The use of natural resources is becoming a major problem in the world and more over the increase of the greenhouse gases because of low carbon dioxide emissions has affected the ecosystem greatly and puts the human life in danger. Energy Conservation Options and Renewable Energy Changing to the renewable energy as an alternative to more efficient energy use is vital. This increases energy efficiency for most industries. Nevertheless, the concept of â€Å"source conversion† is important. This concept involves using other sources of fossil fuel cons umption that do not pollute the environment and are more cost effective. Moreover, the idea of bio-mass that uses the â€Å"agricultural† waste products and wood chips is becoming important and tries to protect the environment9. Energy conservation is an expensive task and therefore encouraging human beings to use electricity in the most efficient manner is important. The concept of turning off lighting systems when they are not needed helps conserve energy. Technology has been on the forefront in addressing the problem of energy conservation and help to deliver the most cost effective energy. The wood chips that come from the process of making timber can be used as a source of energy. Other sources such as cow manure can be important in replacing the fossil fuel. Using local resources such as wind, sun, and river flow most organizations can turn away from the use of fossil fuel that is more costly and adds the problem of environmental pollution. To conserve energy, there are a variety of bio-fuels such as corn, soy diesel, dairy methane, wood chips that have taken the place of gasoline and diesel fuel and are being used in operating vehicles and â€Å"heating oil† that is fundament to the vehicle’s equipment operation. Clearly, bio-fuels have an added advantage of not only polluting the environment but also consume less energy. These give the farmers and the foresters an advantage of using a cost-effective product for their routine jobs while being assured of a profit for their daily operation. Through this, they help in improving their lifestyle that further improves the national economy and eradicating the problem of climate change. Renewable energy cannot be exhausted at any point in the process of the human development cycle. These resources further are long lasting and can be â€Å"regenerated† through agricultural practices. Moreover, they are environmental friendly, and help in controlling climate change by reducing carbon e missions into the environment. Emissions Trading Scheme The emissions trading scheme is not working at the moment because this is not a real market scenario. The system failed in the first phase because the member states had to allocate the â€Å"auctioning† rights free of charge to companies10. Most of the companies that took more permits than they needed sold them for a profit instead. However, this system can be made to work as the objective of this system is to â€Å"impose† a given amount of cost on those companies that emit carbon that is enough to invest in new technologies. A stronger commission is needed for the system to work because of the need for low pollution and this should be shown by giving permits to only a small number of companies. This system is still the most widely renowned system that is considered cost-effective by economists and the best way to do away with greenhouse emissions. Since many companies have objected to the trading schemes is a de monstration that this is the best way to achieve the low carbon economy. The current problems associated with this system are such they can be â€Å"reformed† and the problems that are coming up make the system to realize its flaws. Reformations The current system is made in a way that there are no â€Å"auctioning†. If the permits are given to companies and not auctioned then the system cannot be of any importance. The system needs to be reformed in a way that all the permits are auctioned in the process. Nevertheless, at the moment there are â€Å"small installations† in the system. This show that the cost of including such installations could be more costly and make the benefits less. The system needs to be reformed by increasing the â€Å"threshold† of such installations11. It is vital for the policy makers to get the exact price allocation since the current economic situation is dynamic. Therefore making several assumptions about the future economic growth would be vital, the future price changes, and the ever dynamic technology over several years would make the system realize its goals. At the moment, the trading system does not cover the big industries involved in the production of chemicals, aluminium and minerals, coal, natural gas leaks and the system need to be reformed to cover all the economies that it does not cover at the moment. Some sections of the economy such as the household sector, the transportation sector, agriculture are not all covered by the system and this makes it not realize its goals. Unlike some of the alternative policies in reducing emissions, the system would be in a serious problem if the price of carbon was traded at a certain level. This is because most companies can opt to trade outside the EU and in the process avoid the system and this would make the system not attain its goal. The System needs to cover such problem. Conclusion With the world seeking ways in which it can handle the energy chal lenges and dealing with the problem of climate change, technology has been important in offering the alternatives. Clear guidelines on the climate change should be in place for policy makers in the process of enabling the world have access to energy in a cost effective manner and dealing with the problem of climate change. Therefore having clear targets regarding energy development and managing the environment will be important for the future. Renewable energies offer the best solution for energy conservation. The governments also need to design and make sure that the renewable energy development strategies are followed. It is however, clear that most emissions have a direct relationship with energy generation and consumption more so in households and transportation sectors that have not been considered in trying to deal with this problem. Generally, to reduce the emissions it calls for having standards that define given levels of emission that encourage â€Å"cleaner† energy supply from the renewable sources12. This would be an important policy especially in African countries. The technological standards are the ones that have been relied relatively to control emissions from the transport sector. This would include increasing the vehicle â€Å"mileage† and in the types of fuels. Therefore other environmental policies in place then the problem of climate change would be a problem of the past13. Bibliography Deisendorf, M, â€Å"Greenhouse Solutions†: Sustainable Energy, NY, UNSW Press, 2007 Diesendorf, M, Sustainable Energy Futures for Australia in Greenhouse Solutions with  Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, NY, 2007. Diesendorf, M, Greenhouse response in the Energy Sector, NY, Unwin Publishers, 1997. Dow, K. T Downing, â€Å"The Atlas of Climate Change†: Mapping the World’s Greatest  Challenge, Earthscan, UK, 2006. Flannery, T, â€Å"The Weather Makers†: The history future impact of climate change, Chicago, The Te xt Publishing, 2005. Flannery, T, The Weather Makers, Text Publishing: Melb, 2005 pp. 189-202 Gilchrist, G, â€Å"The Big Switch†: Clean Energy for the 21st Century Allen Unwin Publishers, 1991. Hawken, P., A Lovins, â€Å"Natural Capitalism†: The Next Industrial Revolution, UK, Earthscan, 1999. Hempel, L, â€Å"Environmental Governance†: The Global Challenge, Island Press, USA, 1996. King, D. G Walker, â€Å"It’s the Economy, Stupid in the Hot Topic†: How to tackle global  Warming and still keep the lights on, Bloomsbury Publishing UK, 2008 Leggett, J, â€Å"Half Gone†: Oil, Gas, Hot Air and the Global Energy Crisis, Portobello Books, UK, 2003. Lenssen N, Providing Energy in Developing Countries in State of the World, World watch Institute, USA, 1993. Lovejoy, T L Hannah, Climate Change and Biodiversity, Yale University Press, US 2005. Lovejoy, T L Hannah, Climate Change and Biodiversity, Yale University Press, Yale, 2005. Lovelock, J,The Revenge of Gaia, Allen Lane: UK. 2006. Footnotes 1.T Flannery, The Weather Makers, Text Publishing, Melb, 2005. 2. D King, G Walker, It’s the Economy, Stupid’ in The Hot Topic: How to tackle global Warming and still keep the lights on, UK; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008. 3. Ibid. 4. M Diesendorf, Sustainable Energy Futures for Australia‟ in Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, NY, 2007. 5. Ibid 6. Ibid., 7. G Gilchrist, The Big Switch: Clean Energy for the 21st Century, Allen Unwin Publishers, NY, 1991. 8. P Hawke, A Lovins, Natural Capitalism: The Next Industrial Revolution, Earthscan, UK, 1999. 9. L Hempel, Environmental Governance: The Global Challenge, Island Press, USA, 1996. 10. J Lovelock, The Revenge of Gaia, Allen Lane, UK, 2006. 11. J Leggett, Half Gone: Oil, Gas, Hot Air and the Global Energy Crisis, Portebello Books, UK, 2003. 12. Ibid., 13. Ibid., This essay on Climate Change and Renewable Energy Options was written and submitted by user Josue Vega to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Automobile Industry Analysis Essay

Automobile Industry Analysis Essay Automobile Industry Analysis Essay Automobile Industry Analysis EssayIntroduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The automobile industry is one of the leading industries at the global level. It plays a crucial role in the development of the global economy because of the high revenues and increased customer demands. The automobile industry helps to foster economic development of the country; therefore, it is widely recognized as a major economic sector. The automobile industry consists of multiple companies specialized in car manufacturing, as well as the ones involved in marketing and distribution of automobile products, such as cars, buses, vans, trucks, motorcycles, mopeds and motorized bicycles. The global automobile industry incorporates several large car manufacturers’ blocs that work collaboratively suppliers at the global level.The major goal of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of automobile industry that gives a clear description of the industry today and its prospects for the future. Due attention should be paid to the use of the strategy tools and theories, such as Porter’s five forces and PESTEL analysis and other approaches.Porter’s Five Forces AnalysisBargaining Power of SuppliersThe bargaining power of suppliers is low for the reason of the availability of multiple suppliers in the auto-parts industry. Nevertheless, due to the growth of the supply system and its specialization, supported by new technological advancements, manufacturers have an opportunity to reject the delivery of materials because of poor quality (Pearlson et al. 39).Bargaining Power of CustomersThe bargaining power of customers is moderate because in the automobile industry, customers need to have enough information about automobile products’ characteristics, as well as other factors that influence their decision making: price, quality, product image, brand, and environmental impact of the product. Many car manufactures produce products with the same character istics and sell them at the same price.Rivalry between Existing PlayersThe rivalry between the car manufacturers is focused on addressing the demands of customers in terms of lower prices, better product differentiation, more effective distribution strategies, and stronger business relationship with supply system. Currently, the existing players in the automobile industry are BMW, Ford, Audi, Honda, Mercedes Benz, Fiat, Lexus, Infiniti, Acura, Toyota, Volkswagen and others.Threat of SubstitutesThe threat of substitutes is moderate because automobile products vary, although they have the same purpose. Due to product differentiation, customers have an opportunity to select products considering such factors as price, quality and design.Threat of New EntrantsThe automobile industry has high level of barriers to entry. It needs specific machinery, facilities, equipment, human resources, technological devices, distribution channels, etc. The automobile industry is attractive to new entran ts, but requires them to solve a number of problems, like customer preferences, industry demands, environmental demands, and others. Thus, the threat of new entrants is low.PESTEL Analysis Political and legal factorsPolitical factors have a strong impact on the development and growth of the automobile industry. The production of hybrid vehicles requires more financial support from local governments because of the environment friendliness. The production of new vehicles must comply with the established vehicle emission standards. Governments across the globe should provide financial support to favor the distribution of vehicles with lower CO2 emissions (Geels 67). Besides, taxes and import laws affect the automobile industry growth. In fact, there are some legal requirements that should be met by the car manufacturers, including environmental regulations aimed at reduction CO2 emissions.Economic factorsThe increased prices for cars are associated with the inflation rate and economic crisis. Besides, the industry is dependent on oil prices. The following factors play an important role in the industry’s shifting in supply demands and price elasticity: local government taxes,  prices for materials and resources, population growth, buying capacity, types of economic activities, commercial usage of vehicles, fuel economy dependence, and other factors (Orsatoa Wells 994). The profitability of the automobile industry is related to the financial opportunities of customers.Socio-cultural factors Socio-cultural factors that influence the development and growth of the automobile industry include population growth rate, education level, lifestyles, safety issues, cultural differences, and the effects of consumer buying habits, their attitudes toward â€Å"green† or ecological automobile products. The automobile industry growth is dependent on the preferences of customers, most of whom need to purchase cars for families. They consider the space available in the car, safety and price.Technological factors Technological innovations play a crucial role in the development of the automobile industry. Due to the use of new technologies it is possible to enhance standards of driving. Besides, currently, the automobile industry is experiencing the problem of fuel consumption. The innovation of new cars, which are characterized as environment friendly vehicles, is aimed at reduction of fuel consumption. Besides, technological innovations are aimed at meeting the requirements of customer safety. New seat belts, air bags and other devices help to avoid injuries sustained in collisions. Anti-Brake Systems help to increase the stopping distance even on slippery pavement. The automobile industry needs investments in research and development to ensure that new technologies are useful and meet the demands of customers (Pauwels et al., 142). ). The production of high performance vehicles by car manufactures is increasing due to the benefits provided t o customers: higher engine output, more innovative braking and suspension systems and other technical characteristics that guarantee high quality of products.Environmental factors There are some environment factors that affect industry development and growth, including fuel economy and air pollution caused by CO2 emissions. Environmental concerns make car manufactures use innovative technologies. The production of environment friendly vehicles, such as hybrid cars and electric vehicles, allows changing customer demands and preferences in the future. The advantages of these vehicles over gasoline cars include low emission and high energy efficiency (Zhuang et al. 137).SWOT Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   StrengthsEvolving industry due to popularity of cars among consumers;Contribution to changes in lifestyles;Product innovations due to new technology support and advancement;Involvement of cheap workforce from the developing countries in car manufacturing (e.g. I ndia, China, Indonesia and other developing countries).WeaknessesIncreased competition;Strict regulations;High taxes;Environmental concerns;High costs of research and development opppirtunities.OpportunitiesIntroduction of fuel efficient cars;The growth of strategic alliances;Changes in customer preferences;Expansion of markets (Pauwels et al. 142).ThreatsIncreased competition;Dependence on fuel prices;High production costs;High electricity costs;Inflation rate;Poor regulation of car markets (Orsatoa Wells 1006).Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that currently the automotive industry is experiencing growth. The production and distribution of vehicles in China and other countries with cheap workforce have increased significantly. However, the automobile industry has some problems that require implementation of joint efforts, e.g. environmental, economic problems and technological concerns. The analysis of the automobile industry shows that it is possible to strengthen its growth at the global level. The knowledge of markets should be improved and strong brands should be built to adapt to the changing environment. Because of the large number of players in the automobile industry, the increased competition is the challenge for the industry. Besides, constant fluctuations of fuel prices lead to changes in the prices of cars. Local governments’ regulations affect the industry in some way.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Geels, Frank W. â€Å"The impact of the financial–economic crisis on sustainability transitions: Financial investment, governance and public discourse,† Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 6 (March 2013): 67–95.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Orsatoa, R. J. Wells, P. (2007). â€Å"U-turn: the rise and demise of the automobile industry,† Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(11–12): 994–1006.Pauwels, Koen; Silv a-Risso, Jorge; Srinivasan, Shuba; Hanssens, Dominique M. (2004). â€Å"New Products, Sales Promotions, and Firm Value: The Case of the Automobile Industry,† Journal of Marketing: 68. 4 (2004): 142-156.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pearlson, Keri E., Saunders, Carol S. Galletta, Dennis F. Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons, 2016.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Zhuang, Ye; Nie, Shida Guo, Konghui. â€Å"A study of semi-active suspension with tuned mass damper,† in The Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks: Proceedings of the 24th Symposium of the International Association for Vehicle System Dynamics (IAVSD 2015), Graz, Austria, 17-21 August 2015. CRC Press, 2016.

Communication Theory Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Theory Paper - Essay Example The communication process in use depends on the availability of resources, skills and understanding of the members. This paper aims to analyze the communication process adopted by XYZ Hospital where I work as a trainee. It also provides a brief account of cultural differences that affect the communication process within the work premises and also recommends some necessary steps to minimize the risks associated with communication misinterpretations. The group communication process being utilized in our workplace is efficient and effective due to its direct nature. The direct communication strategy helps in transferring the information and ideas directly. However, there are certain factors involved that affect the communication process and its effectiveness. Since, we are working in a hospital setting and have a diverse workforce; it becomes difficult to keep the cultural and moral values unbiased for all the employees. The gender differences and cultural distinctions pose a threat to a single communication pattern for effective and efficient use of communication methods (Gaddis, 2006). The group comprises 6 male members and 3 female members excluding me. I am working as a group leader and the factors that influence the communication patterns involved are identified after careful analysis. The communication style differs on the basis of gender differences. Female members require carefully chosen words and more flexible tone than do the male members. Female members are more sensitive to the linguistic peculiarities than males. The tone, facial expressions, body language, eye movement, gestures and actions must be in line with the message being conveyed. Females are more sensitive to the tone of voice and expressions on face. They require a flexible and soft attitude and work more efficiently if provided with specific instructions about the work. On the other hand male staff requires a more