Climate Change and Renewable Energy Options

Introduction There is a lack of access to energy in most of the world states. This has for quite a long time been the problem to economic development in these world countries. Statistics show that only 31 percent of the Sub-Saharan countries use electricity, with only 10 percent in the rural areas.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change and Renewable Energy Options specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Besides the energy access challenges, the â€Å"traditional biomass† only supplies 85percent of the energy and only 80percent is used in some Asian countries1. With lack of energy access becoming a major concern in the world, there has been concern for the development of required energy security and coming up with ways to supply the energy. The need to adapt to change in climate has been another challenge for sustainable development in the world. Research shows that Asia contributes about 5percent of the â€Å"global GHG emissions† but this is however tampered by variations in climate change such as food security, water supply, biodiversity, and diseases brought about by climate2. These challenges of energy and climate change are related and therefore there is concern on the methods which society uses to produce energy, distribute and consume it. Policies related to attain the energy goals through â€Å"sustainable† means and through methods that do not consume more carbon are important. Coming up with renewable energy policies and implementing them can be of great help in access to â€Å"clean† energy3. Methods of energy production such as coal and fossil emit more carbon other methods such as hydro, bio-energy, wind, PV technology, and solar thermal offer the most available options. The energy and climate policy makers should put more emphasis on doing away with the challenges to renewable energy development through methods such as the ones above. Other method s such as â€Å"net metering†, â€Å"feed-in tariff†, and â€Å"renewable energy portfolio† are put forward to promote less carbon energy consumption ways4. Therefore with more concern in the world on sustainable development, there is need to develop the energy sector and putting more emphasis on renewable energy. Moreover, the policy makers need to know that the relationship between energy security and climate change and methods that are aimed at producing less carbon vital.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Key Drivers of Climate Change Most of the problems experienced in climate change are largely as a result of what happens outside the â€Å"sector†5. Factors such as the increase in population, the increase in the human beings’ purchasing power and increase in international trade are putting more pressure on forests. The rise on road ne tworking development has acted as a way to attract more investors in agricultural development and bringing into place new trends in the rural area economic developments. The high demand of forest products and the need for investment in new species of plants have changed the natural sceneries in the rural areas and the general landscape. The rise in deforestation has been accelerated by low wages among the world population, rich soils that encourage other forms of agriculture, and the rise in agricultural prices that encourage people to do away with forests in favour of crops. There is however a need for good governance and clear policies regarding land tenure as these has eased the problem of climate change. However, research shows that even in areas where there is good governance and good policies regarding forestation, the problem of tree cutting in favour of other forms of agriculture has been on the rise. The existence of various classes of world economies in the rural setting a nd the rise of the middle class economies has put more pressure on environmental services that are highly demanded and the use of forests. In curbing the current trends, the institutions that are concerned with development are playing important roles in such climate change situations. Since policies are often led by â€Å"hidden hands† that have seen the rise on the call â€Å"economic and social† justice proper allocation of land and creating other forms of employment that can remove the pressure on forests that are as a result of the low income of the world population6. This kind of effect can be helpful than the direct efforts to deal with such problem. The culture of a society also affects the way forests are treated by its people. Changes in the culture of the societies have been beneficial in the rural developments and brought more changes in forestry. They have been interacting with other communities such as the organizations, environmental NGO’s, the gov ernments and other private sectors in encouraging environmental awareness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Change and Renewable Energy Options specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Demographic Changes There is an increase in the rate of rural to urban migration in recent years due to high level of socioeconomic development, and this has brought about industrialization. However, more people are now employed in the urban towns that make them more Stable and avoid a lot of tree cutting in the rural areas. The rate of population growth in urban areas is expected to rise and this will put more pressure on forests. Rural depopulation is likely to affect climate change in various ways because of the increase in economic â€Å"downturn†. Even though most of the people are leaving for the urban centres, there are those that have remained and are low income earners that may be forced to cut down the resources. M oreover, lack of efficient land-tenure systems in the rural areas may motivate the people to cut down the forests. Changes in agriculture due to increase in technology that have paved way for large scale commercial agriculture may lead to clearance of forests and increase of population around the agricultural areas may imply that there would be more clearing of forests. The consequences of climate change as a result of the rural population growth will be dependent on the rural development policy and the form of governance in existence. In cases where there are no proper policies and poor governance, there is the possibility that there will be more clearance of the forest resources. However, there have been cases where high populations have been motivated to invest in forest resources. Nevertheless, factors such as population growth, local migration and the rise of urbanization, and â€Å"out migration† have eased rural development changes. These factors have acted in a way th at it is easy to manage forests in the rural areas since the pressure on land is reduced being used for agriculture is reduced. Strategies Climate change has become a serious problem in the world today. Even though most countries shall focus on reducing emissions and putting more emphasis on mitigation efforts, there have been more climate change scenarios that are as a result of human beings. There have been concerns in reducing the â€Å"greenhouse† gas emissions, and several strategies are in place to help in dealing with the problem of climate change.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Addressing the problem of Conversion of forests to other land uses Most countries are now dealing with the problem of conversion of most of their land to other agricultural uses. Most people have for long been forced to clear forests in favour of agricultural use because of the economic crisis. There have been measures in place to control this problem and the countries have emphasized and encouraged her citizens that even though achieving food and energy security might be a major concern for most of the people, it is important for the people to know that investing in forests is as important too. This has however, forced many countries to adopt an â€Å"integrated† landscape approach in expecting their policies. This ensure that the use of land should not only be for agricultural purposes but considering other values such as the value of other goods and services that come as a result of forest and tree conservation. Clearly, one of the main reasons for forest conversion to agr icultural use is for â€Å"bio-fuels†. Some governments provide incentives that are adequate to the farmers and this has reduced the problem of conversion of land forests into agricultural purposes. Various National Forest Monitoring Systems The Food Agricultural Organization has put in place a system that monitors, collects, analyses and gives a comprehensive report on the uses of forests in the member countries. This is aimed at managing forests in the most efficient manner. This system is important since it can assess the status of the forests over a period of time so that the organization can know on the way forward regarding the sustainable management of the forests. The statistics provided by this system is vital in knowing how important the forests are to the particular country and their contribution to the countries in achieving their goals and coming up with the required â€Å"climate change adoption strategies†7. Alleviating Poverty as proposed by REDD This o rganization emphasizes on the need to reduce poverty in the world states, improving the leadership in regard to forest conservation, conserving â€Å"biodiversity† and the need to provide other services related to the environment. The rate of clearing trees has been on the rise because of the poor economy where people are aiming at using the forest land for agricultural purposes instead of investing in trees for future use which do not seem to come. The organization has encouraged governments that should they control poverty, then the rate of tree clearance shall be minimal. The organization moreover, delivers low emission costs for products at a short time. Therefore in sustainable development the organization has encouraged the countries to be aware that this should start from controlling the way people are living in terms of their economic status. Stressing on the Importance of Forests Forests are important just like investing in the agricultural sector. Some countries are involved in monitoring and care for the forests, have come up with policies that are aimed at rewarding the conservation bodies. There are organizations in various countries that monitor the forests to ensure that are in good health and to see if there is any harm by pets and other diseases. Moreover, countries have ways to implement fire control measures. This ensure that the forests are not tampered with at any point. Several measures related to forest can be understood through â€Å"SFM† and the measures insist on the importance of curbing climate change. The measures that are also provided by REDD help in monitoring the forests. Monitoring of forests ensures that the required â€Å"interventions† are put in place for the safety of the forests. Low Carbon Growth Increased pressure in the Atmosphere The issue of carbon dioxide cut makes it a problem for the upper atmosphere to â€Å"absorb† the greenhouse gases. This is a problem since it cannot be possible t o absorb the greenhouse gases without tampering with the ecosystem. The ecosystem is essential for the health of all the human beings and their â€Å"welfare†8. Even though the use of technology has enabled human beings to get the resources in the most efficient manner, through the emissions from the greenhouses into the atmosphere but the same technology has not provided the best way to clean up such gases in the atmosphere. The use of natural resources is becoming a major problem in the world and more over the increase of the greenhouse gases because of low carbon dioxide emissions has affected the ecosystem greatly and puts the human life in danger. Energy Conservation Options and Renewable Energy Changing to the renewable energy as an alternative to more efficient energy use is vital. This increases energy efficiency for most industries. Nevertheless, the concept of â€Å"source conversion† is important. This concept involves using other sources of fossil fuel cons umption that do not pollute the environment and are more cost effective. Moreover, the idea of bio-mass that uses the â€Å"agricultural† waste products and wood chips is becoming important and tries to protect the environment9. Energy conservation is an expensive task and therefore encouraging human beings to use electricity in the most efficient manner is important. The concept of turning off lighting systems when they are not needed helps conserve energy. Technology has been on the forefront in addressing the problem of energy conservation and help to deliver the most cost effective energy. The wood chips that come from the process of making timber can be used as a source of energy. Other sources such as cow manure can be important in replacing the fossil fuel. Using local resources such as wind, sun, and river flow most organizations can turn away from the use of fossil fuel that is more costly and adds the problem of environmental pollution. To conserve energy, there are a variety of bio-fuels such as corn, soy diesel, dairy methane, wood chips that have taken the place of gasoline and diesel fuel and are being used in operating vehicles and â€Å"heating oil† that is fundament to the vehicle’s equipment operation. Clearly, bio-fuels have an added advantage of not only polluting the environment but also consume less energy. These give the farmers and the foresters an advantage of using a cost-effective product for their routine jobs while being assured of a profit for their daily operation. Through this, they help in improving their lifestyle that further improves the national economy and eradicating the problem of climate change. Renewable energy cannot be exhausted at any point in the process of the human development cycle. These resources further are long lasting and can be â€Å"regenerated† through agricultural practices. Moreover, they are environmental friendly, and help in controlling climate change by reducing carbon e missions into the environment. Emissions Trading Scheme The emissions trading scheme is not working at the moment because this is not a real market scenario. The system failed in the first phase because the member states had to allocate the â€Å"auctioning† rights free of charge to companies10. Most of the companies that took more permits than they needed sold them for a profit instead. However, this system can be made to work as the objective of this system is to â€Å"impose† a given amount of cost on those companies that emit carbon that is enough to invest in new technologies. A stronger commission is needed for the system to work because of the need for low pollution and this should be shown by giving permits to only a small number of companies. This system is still the most widely renowned system that is considered cost-effective by economists and the best way to do away with greenhouse emissions. Since many companies have objected to the trading schemes is a de monstration that this is the best way to achieve the low carbon economy. The current problems associated with this system are such they can be â€Å"reformed† and the problems that are coming up make the system to realize its flaws. Reformations The current system is made in a way that there are no â€Å"auctioning†. If the permits are given to companies and not auctioned then the system cannot be of any importance. The system needs to be reformed in a way that all the permits are auctioned in the process. Nevertheless, at the moment there are â€Å"small installations† in the system. This show that the cost of including such installations could be more costly and make the benefits less. The system needs to be reformed by increasing the â€Å"threshold† of such installations11. It is vital for the policy makers to get the exact price allocation since the current economic situation is dynamic. Therefore making several assumptions about the future economic growth would be vital, the future price changes, and the ever dynamic technology over several years would make the system realize its goals. At the moment, the trading system does not cover the big industries involved in the production of chemicals, aluminium and minerals, coal, natural gas leaks and the system need to be reformed to cover all the economies that it does not cover at the moment. Some sections of the economy such as the household sector, the transportation sector, agriculture are not all covered by the system and this makes it not realize its goals. Unlike some of the alternative policies in reducing emissions, the system would be in a serious problem if the price of carbon was traded at a certain level. This is because most companies can opt to trade outside the EU and in the process avoid the system and this would make the system not attain its goal. The System needs to cover such problem. Conclusion With the world seeking ways in which it can handle the energy chal lenges and dealing with the problem of climate change, technology has been important in offering the alternatives. Clear guidelines on the climate change should be in place for policy makers in the process of enabling the world have access to energy in a cost effective manner and dealing with the problem of climate change. Therefore having clear targets regarding energy development and managing the environment will be important for the future. Renewable energies offer the best solution for energy conservation. The governments also need to design and make sure that the renewable energy development strategies are followed. It is however, clear that most emissions have a direct relationship with energy generation and consumption more so in households and transportation sectors that have not been considered in trying to deal with this problem. Generally, to reduce the emissions it calls for having standards that define given levels of emission that encourage â€Å"cleaner† energy supply from the renewable sources12. This would be an important policy especially in African countries. The technological standards are the ones that have been relied relatively to control emissions from the transport sector. This would include increasing the vehicle â€Å"mileage† and in the types of fuels. Therefore other environmental policies in place then the problem of climate change would be a problem of the past13. Bibliography Deisendorf, M, â€Å"Greenhouse Solutions†: Sustainable Energy, NY, UNSW Press, 2007 Diesendorf, M, Sustainable Energy Futures for Australia in Greenhouse Solutions with  Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, NY, 2007. Diesendorf, M, Greenhouse response in the Energy Sector, NY, Unwin Publishers, 1997. Dow, K. T Downing, â€Å"The Atlas of Climate Change†: Mapping the World’s Greatest  Challenge, Earthscan, UK, 2006. Flannery, T, â€Å"The Weather Makers†: The history future impact of climate change, Chicago, The Te xt Publishing, 2005. Flannery, T, The Weather Makers, Text Publishing: Melb, 2005 pp. 189-202 Gilchrist, G, â€Å"The Big Switch†: Clean Energy for the 21st Century Allen Unwin Publishers, 1991. Hawken, P., A Lovins, â€Å"Natural Capitalism†: The Next Industrial Revolution, UK, Earthscan, 1999. Hempel, L, â€Å"Environmental Governance†: The Global Challenge, Island Press, USA, 1996. King, D. G Walker, â€Å"It’s the Economy, Stupid in the Hot Topic†: How to tackle global  Warming and still keep the lights on, Bloomsbury Publishing UK, 2008 Leggett, J, â€Å"Half Gone†: Oil, Gas, Hot Air and the Global Energy Crisis, Portobello Books, UK, 2003. Lenssen N, Providing Energy in Developing Countries in State of the World, World watch Institute, USA, 1993. Lovejoy, T L Hannah, Climate Change and Biodiversity, Yale University Press, US 2005. Lovejoy, T L Hannah, Climate Change and Biodiversity, Yale University Press, Yale, 2005. Lovelock, J,The Revenge of Gaia, Allen Lane: UK. 2006. Footnotes 1.T Flannery, The Weather Makers, Text Publishing, Melb, 2005. 2. D King, G Walker, It’s the Economy, Stupid’ in The Hot Topic: How to tackle global Warming and still keep the lights on, UK; Bloomsbury Publishing, 2008. 3. Ibid. 4. M Diesendorf, Sustainable Energy Futures for Australia‟ in Greenhouse Solutions with Sustainable Energy, UNSW Press, NY, 2007. 5. Ibid 6. Ibid., 7. G Gilchrist, The Big Switch: Clean Energy for the 21st Century, Allen Unwin Publishers, NY, 1991. 8. P Hawke, A Lovins, Natural Capitalism: The Next Industrial Revolution, Earthscan, UK, 1999. 9. L Hempel, Environmental Governance: The Global Challenge, Island Press, USA, 1996. 10. J Lovelock, The Revenge of Gaia, Allen Lane, UK, 2006. 11. J Leggett, Half Gone: Oil, Gas, Hot Air and the Global Energy Crisis, Portebello Books, UK, 2003. 12. Ibid., 13. Ibid., This essay on Climate Change and Renewable Energy Options was written and submitted by user Josue Vega to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Automobile Industry Analysis Essay

Automobile Industry Analysis Essay Automobile Industry Analysis Essay Automobile Industry Analysis EssayIntroduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The automobile industry is one of the leading industries at the global level. It plays a crucial role in the development of the global economy because of the high revenues and increased customer demands. The automobile industry helps to foster economic development of the country; therefore, it is widely recognized as a major economic sector. The automobile industry consists of multiple companies specialized in car manufacturing, as well as the ones involved in marketing and distribution of automobile products, such as cars, buses, vans, trucks, motorcycles, mopeds and motorized bicycles. The global automobile industry incorporates several large car manufacturers’ blocs that work collaboratively suppliers at the global level.The major goal of this paper is to provide a detailed analysis of automobile industry that gives a clear description of the industry today and its prospects for the future. Due attention should be paid to the use of the strategy tools and theories, such as Porter’s five forces and PESTEL analysis and other approaches.Porter’s Five Forces AnalysisBargaining Power of SuppliersThe bargaining power of suppliers is low for the reason of the availability of multiple suppliers in the auto-parts industry. Nevertheless, due to the growth of the supply system and its specialization, supported by new technological advancements, manufacturers have an opportunity to reject the delivery of materials because of poor quality (Pearlson et al. 39).Bargaining Power of CustomersThe bargaining power of customers is moderate because in the automobile industry, customers need to have enough information about automobile products’ characteristics, as well as other factors that influence their decision making: price, quality, product image, brand, and environmental impact of the product. Many car manufactures produce products with the same character istics and sell them at the same price.Rivalry between Existing PlayersThe rivalry between the car manufacturers is focused on addressing the demands of customers in terms of lower prices, better product differentiation, more effective distribution strategies, and stronger business relationship with supply system. Currently, the existing players in the automobile industry are BMW, Ford, Audi, Honda, Mercedes Benz, Fiat, Lexus, Infiniti, Acura, Toyota, Volkswagen and others.Threat of SubstitutesThe threat of substitutes is moderate because automobile products vary, although they have the same purpose. Due to product differentiation, customers have an opportunity to select products considering such factors as price, quality and design.Threat of New EntrantsThe automobile industry has high level of barriers to entry. It needs specific machinery, facilities, equipment, human resources, technological devices, distribution channels, etc. The automobile industry is attractive to new entran ts, but requires them to solve a number of problems, like customer preferences, industry demands, environmental demands, and others. Thus, the threat of new entrants is low.PESTEL Analysis Political and legal factorsPolitical factors have a strong impact on the development and growth of the automobile industry. The production of hybrid vehicles requires more financial support from local governments because of the environment friendliness. The production of new vehicles must comply with the established vehicle emission standards. Governments across the globe should provide financial support to favor the distribution of vehicles with lower CO2 emissions (Geels 67). Besides, taxes and import laws affect the automobile industry growth. In fact, there are some legal requirements that should be met by the car manufacturers, including environmental regulations aimed at reduction CO2 emissions.Economic factorsThe increased prices for cars are associated with the inflation rate and economic crisis. Besides, the industry is dependent on oil prices. The following factors play an important role in the industry’s shifting in supply demands and price elasticity: local government taxes,  prices for materials and resources, population growth, buying capacity, types of economic activities, commercial usage of vehicles, fuel economy dependence, and other factors (Orsatoa Wells 994). The profitability of the automobile industry is related to the financial opportunities of customers.Socio-cultural factors Socio-cultural factors that influence the development and growth of the automobile industry include population growth rate, education level, lifestyles, safety issues, cultural differences, and the effects of consumer buying habits, their attitudes toward â€Å"green† or ecological automobile products. The automobile industry growth is dependent on the preferences of customers, most of whom need to purchase cars for families. They consider the space available in the car, safety and price.Technological factors Technological innovations play a crucial role in the development of the automobile industry. Due to the use of new technologies it is possible to enhance standards of driving. Besides, currently, the automobile industry is experiencing the problem of fuel consumption. The innovation of new cars, which are characterized as environment friendly vehicles, is aimed at reduction of fuel consumption. Besides, technological innovations are aimed at meeting the requirements of customer safety. New seat belts, air bags and other devices help to avoid injuries sustained in collisions. Anti-Brake Systems help to increase the stopping distance even on slippery pavement. The automobile industry needs investments in research and development to ensure that new technologies are useful and meet the demands of customers (Pauwels et al., 142). ). The production of high performance vehicles by car manufactures is increasing due to the benefits provided t o customers: higher engine output, more innovative braking and suspension systems and other technical characteristics that guarantee high quality of products.Environmental factors There are some environment factors that affect industry development and growth, including fuel economy and air pollution caused by CO2 emissions. Environmental concerns make car manufactures use innovative technologies. The production of environment friendly vehicles, such as hybrid cars and electric vehicles, allows changing customer demands and preferences in the future. The advantages of these vehicles over gasoline cars include low emission and high energy efficiency (Zhuang et al. 137).SWOT Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   StrengthsEvolving industry due to popularity of cars among consumers;Contribution to changes in lifestyles;Product innovations due to new technology support and advancement;Involvement of cheap workforce from the developing countries in car manufacturing (e.g. I ndia, China, Indonesia and other developing countries).WeaknessesIncreased competition;Strict regulations;High taxes;Environmental concerns;High costs of research and development opppirtunities.OpportunitiesIntroduction of fuel efficient cars;The growth of strategic alliances;Changes in customer preferences;Expansion of markets (Pauwels et al. 142).ThreatsIncreased competition;Dependence on fuel prices;High production costs;High electricity costs;Inflation rate;Poor regulation of car markets (Orsatoa Wells 1006).Conclusion  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that currently the automotive industry is experiencing growth. The production and distribution of vehicles in China and other countries with cheap workforce have increased significantly. However, the automobile industry has some problems that require implementation of joint efforts, e.g. environmental, economic problems and technological concerns. The analysis of the automobile industry shows that it is possible to strengthen its growth at the global level. The knowledge of markets should be improved and strong brands should be built to adapt to the changing environment. Because of the large number of players in the automobile industry, the increased competition is the challenge for the industry. Besides, constant fluctuations of fuel prices lead to changes in the prices of cars. Local governments’ regulations affect the industry in some way.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Geels, Frank W. â€Å"The impact of the financial–economic crisis on sustainability transitions: Financial investment, governance and public discourse,† Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 6 (March 2013): 67–95.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Orsatoa, R. J. Wells, P. (2007). â€Å"U-turn: the rise and demise of the automobile industry,† Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(11–12): 994–1006.Pauwels, Koen; Silv a-Risso, Jorge; Srinivasan, Shuba; Hanssens, Dominique M. (2004). â€Å"New Products, Sales Promotions, and Firm Value: The Case of the Automobile Industry,† Journal of Marketing: 68. 4 (2004): 142-156.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pearlson, Keri E., Saunders, Carol S. Galletta, Dennis F. Managing and Using Information Systems, Binder Ready Version: A Strategic Approach. John Wiley Sons, 2016.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Zhuang, Ye; Nie, Shida Guo, Konghui. â€Å"A study of semi-active suspension with tuned mass damper,† in The Dynamics of Vehicles on Roads and Tracks: Proceedings of the 24th Symposium of the International Association for Vehicle System Dynamics (IAVSD 2015), Graz, Austria, 17-21 August 2015. CRC Press, 2016.

Communication Theory Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Theory Paper - Essay Example The communication process in use depends on the availability of resources, skills and understanding of the members. This paper aims to analyze the communication process adopted by XYZ Hospital where I work as a trainee. It also provides a brief account of cultural differences that affect the communication process within the work premises and also recommends some necessary steps to minimize the risks associated with communication misinterpretations. The group communication process being utilized in our workplace is efficient and effective due to its direct nature. The direct communication strategy helps in transferring the information and ideas directly. However, there are certain factors involved that affect the communication process and its effectiveness. Since, we are working in a hospital setting and have a diverse workforce; it becomes difficult to keep the cultural and moral values unbiased for all the employees. The gender differences and cultural distinctions pose a threat to a single communication pattern for effective and efficient use of communication methods (Gaddis, 2006). The group comprises 6 male members and 3 female members excluding me. I am working as a group leader and the factors that influence the communication patterns involved are identified after careful analysis. The communication style differs on the basis of gender differences. Female members require carefully chosen words and more flexible tone than do the male members. Female members are more sensitive to the linguistic peculiarities than males. The tone, facial expressions, body language, eye movement, gestures and actions must be in line with the message being conveyed. Females are more sensitive to the tone of voice and expressions on face. They require a flexible and soft attitude and work more efficiently if provided with specific instructions about the work. On the other hand male staff requires a more

Coroner system and medical system Research Paper

Coroner system and medical system - Research Paper Example Later on the coroner system established itself as an agency and in 1888 the system of election for coroners was abolished. It was then that the coroners had to be appointed by the designated authorities (Iyer et al 2006). Medical Examiner system also takes its root from the coroner system as it was introduced in America in early 1600s. It was in those times that the coroner and sheriff’s office was the same. It was in 1860 that collaboration of physicians with the coroners began to develop in the New World. It was in 1877 that a system was established in Massachusetts that a coroner has to be assisted by physicians who were known as the medical examiners. However in those times the physicians were only involved when the death occurred in violent conditions. Pathology soon became a branch of jurisprudence in the 19th century and it was in 1890 that the Board of Baltimore announced the integration of two physicians in examination of dead bodies. It was here that the medical exam iner system was established and these physicians had to perform autopsies on the order of the coroner or attorney. In 1915 the office of coroner was abolished and the medical examiner system took over the states (Iyer et al 2006; Institute of Medicine 2003). Education Requirements The requirement for the post of coroner is a degree in medical or legal field. In some cases it is seen that an attorney, advocate or even magistrate has been made a coroner. The medical examiners on the other hand should have a degree related to medicine or pathology. These examiners have a certificate in medical specialty and are termed as forensic pathologists (Iyer et al 2006). Duties The duties of coroners and medical examiners are almost the same with regard to the conditions in which the death has occurred. The medical examiners are entitled to find out the cause of death and whether it is natural or unnatural. They use their skills of forensic laboratory to find out that as to if the death has occu rred on that spot or not. Moreover they conduct autopsies and laboratory tests to find out the exact physiological mechanism of death. The coroners on the other hand are also involved to find out the time, cause and mechanism of death. The coroners do not necessarily have medical knowledge to interpret the physiological functions of the body hence they rely upon the evidence that is present on the site. In some cases the coroners also use their prior experience to find out the causes of the death which is not the case of a forensic pathologist (Iyer et al 2006). Appointment of Coroners and Medical Examiners Coroners are appointed by election by a group of people but they must have some qualification in relevance to the field of law or medicine. It is not necessary that they have expertise in the field of forensics whereas Medical Examiners are appointed through an executive council. The council looks forward to the qualifications of the medical examiners and they are then appointed on the basis of merit. Coroners on the other hand are appointed by a group of officials or a group from the general public. Both the offices of coroners and medical examiners have their own position in the society. There are some countries which follow the old system of coroners whereas some follow the new medical examiner system. The integrity of both the systems has been argued at many instances (Iyer et al 2006

Vivienne westwoods philosophy and influences in contemporary design

Vivienne westwoods philosophy and influences in contemporary design Abstract The article is talking about one of Englands leading fashion designers, Vivienne Westwood. Who aslo has been one of Britains most consistently original, outrageous, eccentric and controversial designers. Today, she has evolved from an iconoclastic outsider to an internationally revered figure, with two British Designer of the Year awards, an OBE, her own successful fashion label and an unrivalled reputation for leading where other designers follow. Her lifestyle could scarcely be in greater contrast to the opulence which surrounds other leading designers.So in this article, it discuss about how did an awkward girl from a conventional and provincial background become one of world fashions most influential and respected designers and how her design influence on present day design culture. Vivienne Westwood, one of Englands leading fashion designers who maintaining a devotion to history as a key theme to her unique styles. She has these wisps of yellow-blond hair spill around her oval face, which has been plucked, painted and powdered into a perfect cameo. Her lips are a bright kiss-me red, while her walk is that of a slowly advancing, scepter-toting monarch. Vivienne Westwood, really is made of awesome with her funky and creative designs. She is respected throughout the industry and fashion world as a highly influential designer.Vivienne Westwoods early profileVivienne Westwoods story is featured. Westwood grew up in the village of Tintwistle and he worked as a teacher in North England in 1962. She also had a 13 year marriage with Malcolm McLaren in the 1970s that resulted in two sons. At the same time, artists like Chrissie Hynde and bands like the Sex Pistols were influenced by Vivienne Westwood who was the creator of punk rock music and style in the 70s.She inspire d the current British designers such as Christian Lacroix and John Galliano, was knighted the Order of the British Imperial Medal by the queen in 1992, and is presently married to the designer Andreas Kronthaler. Vivienne Westwood starts her fashion career in 1971 when she opened a small shop called Let It Rock at 430 Kings Road in Chelsea with Malcolm McLaren, a former art student six years her junior. They had met in 1965 when Ms. Westwood, already a young mother and separated from her first husband, was working as a primary school teacher. Their partnership, which also produced a child, would soon shake up British fashion.Mr. McLaren was the rebel, the agitator, the provocateur, while Ms. Westwood was his muse and model, already in 1971 she wore spiky peroxide with dyed hair, as well as a skilled craftsman. In its first version, 430 Kings Road became a 1950s nostalgia parlor with Teddy Boy, or Edwardian revival clothes, copied and sold as a kind of anti-hippie protest. And Ms. Westwood was the one doing the unpicking, copying and resolving.In 1973 the couple renamed the store Too Fast to Live Too Young to Die, this time in homage to James Dean and the rising motorcycle culture. Leather, st uds and buckles appeared alongside T-shirts with aggressive slogans. But this lasted barely 15 months.In April 1974 the store became SEX and was filled with sadomasochistic and pornographic references as well as clothes made of leather and rubber, including rubber-wear for the office.In 1975 the Sex Pistols, a rock group formed by Mr. McLaren, carried the punk movement beyond Chelsea, even beyond Britain. Wearing outrageous clothes and scandalizing the media with profanities, the Sex Pistols trumpeted Mr. McLarens anti-authoritarian message. Its first single, Anarchy in the U.K., was followed by an irreverent God Save the Queen, which was promptly banned by British radio. In 1977 SEX was renamed Seditionaries, but punk power began to wane. In 1979 Sid Vicious of the Sex Pistols died of a drug overdose, and the group was disbanded. In 1980 Seditionaries became Worlds End and when Mr. McLaren wanted to vacate it, Ms. Westwood held onto it. More crucially, for the first time she began designing her own clothes with what became known as the Pirates collection. This collection, her first to be presented on a catwalk, in 1981, was to prove a turning point, not only because it announced her interest in historicism, but also because within two years she would form her own company without Mr. McLaren. I decided that in order to understand the world I lived in, I should somehow enter it and exploit my own ideas and see how I could get on, she recalled in a recent interview at the Victoria and Albert. Vivienne Westwoods philosophyMs. Westwood rise herself as a fashion maverick comes from being both wildly inventive and perversely out of touch. But most of the people call her the queen of extreme. Her managing partner, Carlo DAmario said This is a woman whos an English eccentric. But he said it with a tone for unexplained phenomena. To imagine what that means, all you have to do is picture this quaint-looking lady attended the Dame Edna Show in 1989 with a flesh-tone tights and a glimmering green fig leaf. And her famous entrance into Buckingham Palace in 1992 to receive her Order of the British Empire from the Queen, when she obliged photographers with a triumphant twirl, there was hardly a living soul in Britain who didnt know that Ms. Westwood was 1 sans culottes under her whirling skirts.But that Ms. Westwood truly become the genuine iconoclasts at that period. Those style expresses the delirium and anarchy of their time. Now, at an age when many other designers are resting on their laurels, Ms. Westwood is taking on New York. Yesterday in SoHo, she opened her first store in the United States, a 7,000-square-foot emporium at 71 Greene Street, near Spring Street, that will sell her mens and womens collections, as well as more popular secondary lines. Ms. Westwoods personal style also appear on her design but more on a creative way. Her design contexts come from different elements. First main element is music, more clearly from punk music. The English Punk style began to gain attention when the Sex Pistols wore clothes from Ms. Westwood and McLarens shop. The punk style included 2 BDSM fashion, bondage gear, safety pins, razor blades, bicycle or lavatory chains on clothing and spiked dog collars for jewelry, as well as outrageous make-up and hair. These designs are definited as rebellion , anti form or sexy. In that very beginning of her career as a designer during the punk movement ,her designs become more substance than generally thought. Secondly, there is another essential design element in her which is the adoption of traditional elements of Scottish design such as tartan fabric. The tartan pattern is the main symbol of Scottish tradition clothing style. And Ms. Westwoods using of tartan is unparalleled, in her collections an d triumphed in Anglomania (A/W 1993) (Figure 1). Her fascination with Scottish traditions by using a mix of different tartans, her ensembles exploited the rich depth, colour and diversity of the traditional checked pattern. The tartans were made to order by Locharron of Scotland, who also created a special design for Westwood called the McAndreas, after her second husband, Andreas Kronthaler. Amongst the more unusual elements of her style is the use of historical 17th and 18th century cloth cutting principles, and reinterpreting these in, for instance, radical cutting lines to mens trousers. Use of these traditional elements make the overall effect of her designs more shocking. Other influential elements in Ms. Westwoods work have included Peru, the feminine figure, velvet and knitwear. Ms. Westwoods design has ranged from early punk garments to glamorous historical 5 evening gowns. She worked these together to revolutionize fashion and the impact is still strongly felt today. Now, Ms. West wood has five exclusively-owned shops; three in London, one in Leeds, and one in Milan. Franchise stores are located in Liverpool, Newcastle, Glasgow, three in Manchester and most recently, in FH Mall, Nottingham (20 March 2008), and in Blake Street, York (11 September 2008). Westwoods themes have included Savage (1981), Hobo and Buffalo (1982), and Pirate. Her latest collection was themed Gold and Treasure, Adventure and Exploration. So, if Ms. Westwood often comes across as a bit of a crank, it is easy to see why. Whereas most designers take a humble slice of the cultural pie, Ms. Westwood wallows in the whole glorious mess. She will refer to the Industrial Revolution, Greek skeptism, the Sex Pistols, the decline of standards in English art schools, Picasso, sex, John Stuart Mill in one sitting. Ive always needed to explain myself in more general terms rathe r than only through fashion, she said. Vivienne Westwoods influences on punk cultureVivienne Westwood was punk symbol in the angry 1970s , she was wearing clothes festooned with spikes and pins. Today everyone knows what punk fashion is, but in 1970 it didnt exist. Punk first emerged in the mid 1970s in London as an anarchic and aggressive movement. Punk become a succeeded style even more when Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren put the punk ideas into their design ventures. In the 1975, McLaren launched the Punk music group called Sex Pistols which became the icon beyond Britain. They were wearing outrageous clothes and all these clothes were come from the shop called Sex that Vivienne Westwood opened on the Kings Road, London. That shop sold leather and rubber fetish goods, especially bondage trousers. Including rubber-wear for the office. Ms. Westwood gave world the fresh shock at that time and that is why her name is associated with the punk movement. In Ms. Westwoods punk style design, BDSM fashion is also a main element. Before 1970s, BDSM fashion wasnt something you can show in public or feel good about it in Britain. But Ms. Westwood brought it into her punk design. In the early summer of 1974, Westwood and Mclaren decided to invent the shop Sex with a fetish and bondage outlet, inspired in part by their recent visit to New York. This trip had opened their eyes to the outsider status of sexual deviancy, which, now as then, has a far greater capacity to shock than youth cult. The shop Sex underwent a prolonged refit, and the fact that it was closed for months and reopened in September 1974, the transformation was total (Figure 2). Outside, the name `SEX was emblazoned in four-feet-high pink rubber capitals and sprayed with slogans from Valerie Solanas SCUM manifesto, as well as slogans and quotes from the drug addicted outsider pornographer Trocchi. And these design gave the information to public that everyone can enjoy their style with no shame. Even in today, it still influence on youth sub-cultural.Vivienne Westwoods influences on Scottish design styleScottish Style become wold knowing in fashion by Vivienne Westwood in 1990s. Before, Scottish culture is just famous by it s traditional instrument the Great Highland Bagpipe clothing, and the performers who are wearing 3 kilts. Ms. Westwood use this tartan pattern into her design with creativity. We can find it with all different shapes or colors through her collections. But she use the tartan in a complete new way, she will mix and match them , put great flash on them through Viviennes color and lining. Today, tartan become one of the main fashion style which called Preppy Look, has been wide using by many designers. But Ms. Westwood still the on who done more for tartan than any other designer embracing the plaid extensively in her collections. The Locharron Textile Mill in Scotland created a special tartan for Westwood called the McAndreas. (Figure 3) Vivienne Westwood mix fashion with sexualityMs. Westwoods collection Britain Must Go Pagan in 1989 was truly a show full of sexuality information. But she showed that is people privately decide what they want to do their sexuality so it is not erroneous to show it in fashion. Ms. Westwood explored a diversity of influences, from Serves porcelain to pornographic Greek scenes. The clothing reflected the inherent contradiction in Westwoods work between respect for tradition and culture and a love of parody and sexual liberty. She paired classical drapery with Prince of Wales check, Fair Isle sweaters with computer-game patterns, and designed articulated jackets and corsets with removable sleeves, inspired by medieval armour. Precise Miss Marple suits (after Agatha Christie) in thorn-proof Harris Tweed received a fillip with saucy tulle flounces. She teamed Savile Row-style jackets with nude tights with a fig leaf (Figure 4), creating something that shocked even herself: When I first did the fig leaf, in 1989, I just kept screaming. It was porno and so hilariously mad. Then I got used to it, and I think it looks so elegant and ironic. And she based this outrageous ensemble on fashion of around 1800 in which men wore flesh coloured breeches in a conscious emulation of classical statuary.Vivienne Westwood brings historical into modernHistorical 17th and 18th century are always Ms. Westwood s big element. She use these traditional elegant style dresses as the base , mix with her modern design to fit into todays lifestyle. In her interpretations of historical dress, Ms. Westwood emphasise the idea of constriction as a way to define the body and its movement and to direct posture. She explore historical costume and, from it, to develop a completely new range of clothes that would form her first catwalk collection in 1981. The Pirate collection (Figure 5) drew inspiration from historical mens clothing and became the look for the emergent New Romantics, while providing We stwood with a vastly expanded repertoire of styles of cutting and tailoring, construction, fabric design and manufacture, pattern, colour and texture. Later When Ms. Westwood was working in Italy from 1984 to 1986, she developed the crinoline idea as the Mini-Crini, abbreviating it as a provocative new shape in total contrast to the exaggerated shoulders and narrow hips of the prevailing style of power dressing. In Vivienne Westwoods Cut, Slash and Pull collection of 1991, (Figure 6) The inspiration for this collection lay in the historical technique of cutting textiles to create a decorative pattern. In the original garments, the slashes exposed bright silk underlinings, but here Westwood reveals bare skin. To give the passionate, masculine vitality that she so admired in Tudor portraits, she used denim with hand-cut gashes and frayed edges. For the lighter fabrics, she adapted a 4 broderie anglaise machine programme, omitting the embroidery but retaining the fine, regular cuts. To sum up, nothing is ever quite as it seems with British fashion designer Vivienne Westwood. She has eccentric personality, she is an icon of rebellion. And that make she become one of the highly influential designers today. Her design always stand out of other designer with its unique technic and style which head the world into Ms Westwoods fashion fantasyland.

Essay --

cting the country, the Philippines do have the potential to become a developed country. An issue that is affecting the country’s progress towards development is education. The Philippines is the only remaining Asian nation in the world putting the 10-year cycle of basic education in effect. The Department of Education was pushing for the implementation of the K-12 program to finally take effect in the Philippines. Seventy percent of the country’s unemployed citizens are high school graduates. To improve the education of the people in the Philippines, President Benigno Aquino has formally signed the law extending the basic education curriculum in the country (Al Nisr Publishing LLC). The President signed the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2012, or the K to 12 Basic Education Program, a scheme that took at least five years to finally implement (Al Nisr Publishing LLC). Aquino believe that the K to 12 program will make way for a brighter future for young Filipinos by equipping them with basic education up to international standards. Another issue affecting the country’s progress towards becoming a developed country is the natural disasters within the country. The most recent typhoon that has taken place in the Philippines, Typhoon Haiyan, is said to have killed more than 10,000 people. However, there have been other natural disasters that have also left startling devastation in the Philippines prior. There has been at least ten other natural disasters in the last decade that have also left high death tolls. For example, on December 3, 2012, Typhoon Bopha smashed into the main southern island of Mindanao, Philippines. The region suffered roughly 1,900 people dead or missing. Another example of this was on February 17, 2006 when an e... ...r in the Philippines, but sea levels have also risen by half an inch in the past ten to twenty years, faster than the worldwide average (The Washington Post). In 2009, some of the world's developed countries pledged $30 billion in climate aid, which would rise over time. However, a recent report from Oxfam found that most developed countries have yet to make any concrete plans to follow through (The Washington Post). Another issue in the Philippines is malnutrition and hunger. Malnutrition among children has not changed much over the past 10 years, making it very unlikely for the country to meet the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) of eliminating poverty and extreme hunger by 2015 (Inquirer). Families who do not get the 100 percent dietary energy requirement even increased from 57 percent of the population in 2003 to 66.9 percent in 2008, the survey said (Inquirer).

The Decay of English as a Language

But today, in a world filled with computers and keyboards and various applications like Microsoft Office to facilitate our writing and even correct our errors, do we really need to know how to write properly anymore? In the modern world where we use our phones and messages to communicate with the least amount of effort, short and concise text to get to the point regardless of punctuation, grammar nor orthography. In a fast living world where everybody seems to have less time, Is there really room for linguist? According to John Humphrey, a newspaper author mentioned in Crystals essay, exiting is ruining our Language.Ever since the mobile phone was introduced and along with the way to communicate with messages, companies have been using this invention to make the most profit of it by developing the Global System for Mobile Communications Network in the mid sass's. Messages at that time had a limited amount of characters, so the message people are trying to forward had to be short and concise. There was no room for orthography nor grammar. The beginning of SMS, short message service. Testing as a trend rocketed In the 21 SST century and a ewe creative style of writing has emerged.However, David Crystal is not agreeing with the majority, he states, that it rather â€Å"helps than hinders literacy' (b or not b, David Crystal, 337). He also argues that even though a lot of grammar and general linguistic rules are often broken, the messages are still understandable. And Isn't that the point? Furthermore, the longer the messages become the less linguist errors occur. Symbols and single letters to replace words (b or not b, David Crystal, 337-338) In fact, this so called problem is not new. People have been solving puzzles and riddles in newspapers using this structure of text in the 19th century.English has a lot of abbreviation words ever since it began to be written down. A different approach David Crystal is bringing up, is that author are using â€Å"textileâ₠¬  to write poems, short- stories or even novels. But the mobile phone is limiting the capabilities of this new found style. So authors craved for a platform with more expressive power. Therefore, â€Å"textile† moved to the PC where people have more possibilities like color, font, type- size and shape. This shows creativity for the English language (b or not b, David Crystal, 344). And isn't that Just a development of Language?Like Languages have always evolved and changed over time? At the same time, increasing evidence from different researches, form a team at Coventry University, came to the conclusion that testing does not effect children's ability to write or read. Instead, it improves. One of the researches show that the more abbreviations they use, the better is their grade in test's on reading and vocabulary. This research also states that the younger the age is, where they get heir first phones, the better their skills in linguistic (b or not b, David Crystal, 345) .The main argument is that children could not be good at testing if they had not already developed a secure considerable literacy awareness, hence children who are able to use this kind of communication style already have a sense of how the language works and sounds. David Crystal isolates himself clearly from other authors or professors by not sharing the same opinion. And this essay depicts it coherently. I think that it is true that English as a Language is changing and its not going to be he same as it was. But is that a bad thing? Personally.