Antitrust Laws Limit Corporate Aqusition - 4748 Words

Introduction Since the late nineteenth century, the federal government has challenged business practices and mergers that create or may create a monopoly in a particular market. Federal legislation has varied in effectiveness in terms of preventing anti-competitive mergers. Antitrust law is enacted by the federal and various state governments to (1) regulate trade and commerce by preventing unlawful restraints, price-fixing, and monopolies; (2) promote competition; and (3) encourage the production of quality goods and services with the primary goal of safeguarding public welfare by ensuring that consumer demands will be met by the manufacture and sale of goods at reasonable prices. Antitrust law seeks to make enterprises compete†¦show more content†¦ANTITRUST LAWS AND CASES Sherman Anti-Trust Act The Sherman Antitrust Act (15 U.S.C.A.  § 1 et seq.) was the first federal antitrust statute. SEC. 1, 2, and 3, stated that every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce is declared to be illegal; and person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize or combine or conspire with any other person or persons shall be deemed guilty. The Act also entitled to create Federal Trade Commission, and to define its powers and duties. However, its application to mergers and acquisitions has varied, depending on its interpretation by the U.S. Supreme Court. Northern Securities Co. v. United States: Petition under the Sherman Act file March 10, 1902, in the Circuit Court, District of Minnesota, against the Northern Securities Company had acquired and was

Nmc Code of Conduct - 1420 Words

NMC Code-Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. The people in your care must be able to trust you with their health and wellbeing. For this I will treat people in my care with equity and respect their dignity at all times. I will make the care of people my first concern. I will work with others to protect and ensure safe health and wellbeing of those in my care, their families and the wider community. I will provide a high standard of practice and care at all times. I will always be open and honest, act with integrity and always will uphold the reputation of my profession. As a professional, you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify†¦show more content†¦You must work with colleagues to monitor the quality of your work and maintain the safety of those in your care †¢ 23. You must facilitate students and others to develop their competence Work effectively as part of a team. †¢ 24. You must work cooperatively within teams and respect the skills, expertise and contributions of your colleagues †¢ 25. You must be willing to share your skills and experience for the benefit of your colleagues †¢ 26. You must consult and take advice from colleagues when appropriate †¢ 27. You must treat your colleagues fairly and without discrimination †¢ 28. You must make a referral to another practitioner when it is in the best interests of someone in your care Delegate effectively. †¢ 29. You must establish that anyone you delegate to is able to carry out your instructions †¢ 30. You must confirm that the outcome of any delegated task meets required standards †¢ 31. You must make sure that everyone you are responsible for is supervised and supported Manage risk. †¢ 32. You must act without delay if you believe that you, a colleague or anyone else may be putting someone at risk †¢ 33. You must inform someone in authority if you experience problems that prevent you working within this code or other nationally agreed standards †¢ 34. You must report your concerns in writing if problems in the environment of care are putting people at risk Provide a highShow MoreRelatedThe Nursing Midwifery Council ( Nmc ) Code Of Conduct1728 Words   |  7 PagesWithin this assignment a discussion based on how the nursing midwifery council (NMC) code of conduct relates to person centred care will be carried out. Firstly this assignment will describe person centred care and nursing care and comment on their importance within nursing practice. This will then lead into a discussion on NMC code of conduct and the purpose it serves for nurses, midwifes and an individual receiving care from wither of these professions. Furthermore this assignment will aim to examineRead MoreA Clinical Experience Of The Nursing And Midwifery Council ( Nmc ) Code Of Professional Conduct2058 Words   |  9 PagesThe purpose of this assignment is to reflect upon a clinical experience in which dignity was maintained. What is Dignity? One of the fundamental of the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Code (2008) is ‘Make the care of people your first conce rn, treating them as individual and respecting their dignity’. The aim of the essay is to analyse how dignity can be promoted in a busy hospital ward. Dignity is a difficult question to answer and is a topic on the news especially after the Mid StaffordshireRead MoreThe For Advancing Heart Failure Based On The Nursing Midwifery Councils Code Of Conduct ( Nmc )2475 Words   |  10 Pageswith advancing heart failure based in a North West hospital. In order to abide by the Nursing Midwifery Councils Code of Conduct (NMC), throughout this assignment the patient will be referred to as ‘Patient Y’ this is ensure that her true identity remains private. The assignment will begin by giving a brief overview of the patients past medical history, including biological and psychological factors that could have exacerbated the illness, it will then conclude by explaining the condition in furtherRead MoreThe Role Of The Nmc And The Code Of Practice919 Words   |  4 Pageswill briefly outline the responsibilities of the NMC and the code of practice. It will then look at by the Mental Health user’s duty to maintain confidentiality and what happen to a care worker if they break confidentiality. The author will then consider if the NMC has properly seek to protect the public or not and said which areas do they need to improve. The NMC has a code of professional conduct, standard for conduct, performance and ethics, the code clearly states the need for nurses, midwives asRead MorePrinciples of Professional Practice Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesProfessional Practice NMC Report Introduction For this report I have been asked to compare and contrast the principles of regulations of two care professions. I have decided to choose Nursing and Social Work because I am currently training to be a nurse and I would like to see the difference between Nursing and Social Work education, training and codes of conduct as this is a field I don’t know much about. 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Nurses must also keep a record of their CPD, however, they must compl ete many more tasks to keep their CPD up to date. This includes 35 hours of relevant activities to their practice over three years, up keeping a portfolio of their learning and training and making sure they provide evidence of this when requested by the NMC. (NMC, 2015) Nurses pay more for registration annuallyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Two Health Care Professions1438 Words   |  6 Pages for nurses and midwives is to be registered with is the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC). The NMC’s role is to set standards of teaching, guidance, conduct and performance so that nurses and midwives can provide excellent healthcare in every part of their employment. They make sure that nurses and midwives uphold expertise and comprehension. (NMC, 2016). Before registration as a qualified nurse, an individual must complete various nursingRead MoreA Universal Understanding Of Professional Practice1746 Words   |  7 Pageshealthcare, a universal understanding of the fundamentals of professional practice are completely essential to ensure that customary care is upheld at the highest standard. The care provided within any nursing situation must abide by the NMC’s Code of Conduct (2015) regulation but it must be considered, as well as this, moral reasoning also plays a role in the care provided by each individual. The Kohlberg Theory (Kohlberg, 1981) underpins such â€Å"moral reasoning.† Moral reasoning bases its theory aroundRead MoreThe Purpose Of This Essay Is To Examine An Interaction1179 Words   |  5 Pagesan interaction from my clinical placement, which has required me to demonstrate professional conduct (NMC 2015).†¯Professionalism is ‘achieving excellence in patient-focused care; to practis e with awareness, competence and compassion to high ethical and clinical standards with up-to-date knowledge’ (Brown and Gobbi 2007:5). Therefore it is vital that nurses, student nurses and all other NHS workers conduct themselves professionally as this will lead to them adhering to the patients’ needs effectively

Aspirational Framework Strategic Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the Aspirational Framework for Strategic Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction This study deals with discussing on how Human Resource Management makes difference by adding positive value to Business Organization (Storey 2014). In case of companies, it considers employees with gaining valuable assets as well as human resource has extreme value. In other words, Human Resource Manager believes in motivating employees so that employee achieves top performance. Addition to that, HR Manager maintains organizational culture with high morale of workers. Strategic Human Resource Management considers as a prominent view for understanding the role of functional areas for building as well as developing strong organization. In the recent world, economic volatility as well as uncertainty gains understanding in every aspect of business aims for re-examining for its value for creating and sustaining profitable growth (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). In other words, Adding Legitimacy act as skepticism towards new technologies enabling automation of given routine transactions as well as off shoring and shared service organization Human resource management making huge difference by adding value to an organization From the article Adding Value through Integration and Involvement, it majorly explores benefit of HRM in final decision-making process (Purce 2014). In this particular literature review, it pays major attention devoted towards diverse roles as well as activities of HRM in decision-making process. In other words, integrated model for managers perceptions regarding benefit of HRM based upon interview from HR Directors, Top Managers and Line Managers. This model permits profiling HR function by using two variables. It involves HR roles by benefit as well as HR positions concerning degree of involvement in final decision-making process (Oke 2016). From the past decade, most of the organization makes strategies in increasing competitive pressure (Mathis et al. 2016). This means intensified international competition emphasizing on slower growth as well as declining markets forcing companies in reducing costs as well as adds value to the people, process and structure. In other words, new competitive reality is faced by major organization calling on different capabilities (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). Question arises on why organization aims in adding value to its clients, employees and investors. Human Resource Management considers as major functions depending upon the developmental as well as implementation of strategic responses regarding the pressures (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). Delivering Value through Strategic Human Resource Management According to Storey (2014), Strategic Human Resource Management links with Human Resource Management in connecting strategic goals as well as objective for improving business performance and developing organizational cultures for fostering innovation and flexibility. In other words, these particular definition high contrasts in terms like back office, cost center as well as internal consultants and support activities for describing the HR function (Buller and McEvoy 2012). Storey (2014) distinguishes three drivers areas whereby Human Resource Management delivers value for the organization. Thos reveals relative importance regarding this benefit differing from the given areas. The main benefit of Human Resource Management placed under the strategic domain such as compensation policies, Executive Development as well as succession planning and competing in an effective way. On the contrary, HR-services involve recruitment, training as well as performance management and succession planning (Budhwar and Debrah 2013). Oke (2016) provides unique model for adding value of Human Resource Management. It establishes major four roles for Human Resource Professional in four resulted domains. From the above presented figure, two axes indicate focus as well as activities of Human Resource Professional. Focus majorly ranges starting from short-term or operational to long-term to strategic (Bennett and Ho 2014). This means Human Resource Professionals needs to be operational and strategic in nature. There are various activities ranging from managing process such as HR tools as well as systems for managing people in an effective way. The second axes depict constitution of importance in Spencer Model focusing on exclusive HR process. Therefore, combination of both the axes results majorly on acting for roles such as management of strategic human resources, employee management as well as management of administration and transformational change (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The above four roles describes as the four-result domains where Human Resource management help in creating value for given business organization (Alfes et al. 2013). In other words, Management of Strategic Human Resources involves activities establishing aligning of HRM as well as business strategy. Change Management involves organization possessing the ability for bringing change in the organization whereby management of employee contribution like listening and responding to employees (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). People and Performance Companies are majorly coming out with common sense of understanding whereby Human Resources Manager manages with key link towards attaining company success such as people and performance (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). In other words, long-term success as well as financial performance of any organization correlates with talents as well as motivation and people accomplishments at the same time. In most of the cases, people make as well as sell products, working with customers and collaborating for final decision-making process. Therefore, one of the primary way illustrates where Human Resources adds value to a business with the help of promoting link as well as training employees. This is by rewarding strong performing employees at the time of working at workplace (Buller and McEvoy 2012). Talent Acquisition and Retention It is important to understand the fact that talent and retaining of top talent employees considers as main foundation of high-performing companies (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). In other words, Hr is largely responsible in way of building as well as managing the systems recruiting, attracting and retention of best employees. This involves establishing strong job designs as well as hiring of right employees for matching activities. Therefore, these aspects help in building strong interviewing as well as screening process in constructing motivation compensation programs (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). Legal Protection Legal Protection considers as one of the important way for HR for adding value with the help of legal protection from discrimination as well as wrongful termination lawsuits. In other words, HR professionals should continuously speed up activities especially on employee laws as well as educating Executives and Managers. This help in designing hiring activities as well as promotional systems for promotion fairness and equality (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013).. Interview questions mainly align specifically towards job like minimizing risks in a discrimination claim. Therefore, this element of HR can be easily valuable at diverse workplace. Planning In case of proactive measures, HR strategies will help in undertaking reactive responses in aligning with employment condition (Renwick, Redman and Maguire 2013). In addition, Human Resource Professionals plays major role especially in planning activities. Most of the HR Directors serves as major role on company management teams as well as participating in strategic planning actions (Buller and McEvoy 2012). This involves assessment in understanding company strengths, weakness as well as opportunities and threats. Therefore, Human Resource Participants contributes towards current view as well as future expectations of people and needs of resources. It majorly discuss on the compensation as well as training changes towards researching on the emerging opportunities as well as threats at the same time. The desire to get strategic analysis embedded in the HR Departments. This majorly means deployment of gaining professional knowledge as well as skills in way of working with managers for bringing improvement in an organization. In other words, it means adding value for focusing the mind regarding the outcome of HR contribution (Jackson, Schuler and Jiang 2014). Benefit of HR Department delivers values depending upon the major issue prevailing in the business organization. Recent organization renders major emphasis upon flexibility as well as innovation and creation as key issues for final decision-making process. In the man strategic process, HR Department affects proper decision-making process after incorporation Strategic Human Resource Management in many theories. The theories render implications of working of Human Resource Professional who are responsible for managing people in the most appropriate way. Conclusion From the above study, it has been noted that Human Resource Management perceives as a main partners in and within business organization. Adding value of HR function varies largely among other companies. In one of the article, it discuses on How workforce analytics provide positive measure affecting the Human Resource activities. Before even measuring the benefit of HR, it is important to define the real meaning of expression. Therefore, it is defined as measuring the benefit of HR. In the first step, it is recommended not to adopt all the possible option available. Rather, it is reliable in determining the priorities after identifying which are the stakeholders who are strategically important in other cases. It will help in adding values as defining the nature of value or in case benefit from HR initiatives. This help in examining the variables for predicting the values as well as involvement of Human Resource Management in given business organization. In other words, this perception help in determining Human Resource Management by developing models for mapping adding values in their HR function Reference List Alfes, K., Shantz, A.D., Truss, C. and Soane, E.C., 2013. The link between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behaviour: a moderated mediation model. The international journal of human resource management, 24(2), pp.330-351. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014. Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bennett, J.M. and Ho, D.S., 2014. Human resource management. In PROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR ENGINEERS (pp. 231-249). Bratton, J. and Gold, J., 2012. Human resource management: theory and practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Budhwar, P.S. and Debrah, Y.A., 2013. Human resource management in developing countries. Routledge. Buller, P.F. and McEvoy, G.M., 2012. Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight. Human resource management review, 22(1), pp.43-56. Jackson, S.E., Schuler, R.S. and Jiang, K., 2014. An aspirational framework for strategic human resource management. The Academy of Management Annals, 8(1), pp.1-56. Mathis, R.L., Jackson, J.H., Valentine, S.R. and Meglich, P., 2016. Human resource management. Nelson Education. Oke, L., 2016. Human Resources Management. International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS)? ISSN 2356-5926, 1(4), pp.376-387. Purce, J., 2014. The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management. New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals), 67. Renwick, D.W., Redman, T. and Maguire, S., 2013. Green human resource management: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(1), pp.1-14. Storey, J., 2014. New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). Routledge.

Saxonville Sausage Case Analysis Essay Sample free essay sample

Saxonville Sausage Company. a 70-year-old in private held household concern. produces a assortment of porc sausage merchandises. therefore already holding a loyal client base. Their Italian sausage. soon branded as Vivio. became portion of the Italian sausage market in 2002. yet has experienced level gross revenues. Therefore. the company needs to increase their consciousness. client base. and gross revenues with their Italian Sausage merchandises. They must now find an ideal name for their line of Italian sausage. and if they should go on nationally with the Vivio trade name name. or make different tactics. including a name alteration. in positioning the merchandise. In order to derive a clear apprehension of the merchandise benefits. properties and ideals. the company needs to understand current behaviours. consumer triggers to buy. and their unmet demands. through extended research and consumer analysis. External Situation ( See Appendix 1 for full listing ) The figure of people eating sausage for breakfast is diminishing. We will write a custom essay sample on Saxonville Sausage Case Analysis Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page as it is going more of a basic for particular occasions. such as weekends. Yet. with the right selling program. Saxonville has the possible to go a national class leader and do their merchandise popular amongst every major food market shop in the U. S. Since 2004. all sausage manufacturers had seen wholly level growing. 0 % volume addition countrywide. for both the bratwurst and breakfast classs. And. in the short-run. small or no growing was expected. Despite this slow advancement of the market. Italian sausage showed growing across manufacturers in the retail sausage market. The Saxonville squad believes Italian sausage has an untapped potency market with male cooks. who may desire to do sausage a broil basic for weekend barbeques. Achieving more shops in the northeasterly markets is another chance for the company. Internal Situation ( See Appendix 1 for full listing ) Vivio has created an established relationship with consumers under the Saxonville trade name name. In 2005. the company was able to bring forth grosss of about $ 1. 5 billion. Even though Vivio is merely available in 16 % of the nation’s largest supermarkets. the merchandise was able to fit the degree of class growing in the retail sausage market. With these achievements. the company must besides analyse their defects. Saxonville’s bratwurst and breakfast sausage is sold across the U. S. . but is really limitedly distributed in shops in the northeasterly markets. The company underperformed the market in breakfast sausage. ensuing in a double-digit diminution in gross. Saxonville doesn’t spend adequate money in the breakfast class to vie with large participants. The Bratwurst division fired their ad bureau midway through the twelvemonth. therefore were unable to develop a new run. They besides did non make plenty in positioning Vivio or making a typical individual ity. Equally far as selling goes. Saxonville merely supported the Vivio trade name with base trade disbursement. They besides have non spent the clip to carry on market research on the Italian client. Strategic Alternatives ( See Appendix 2 for pros and cons of each option ) After much research and scrutiny. there are a few options the company can see to better their topographic point in the market. To win. the trade name should associate its merchandise to the nucleus values of their mark consumers. so clients will experience good about utilizing that trade name. In order to find the best placement scheme. Banks conducted qualitative and quantitative research from mark consumers to understand their behaviours and demands. The best beginning for penetration on how the company should place itself is females. since they are the primary buyers and prepares of Italian sausage. Research showed that the company has two feasible options to take from in nearing a placement construct to prosecute. The first option would be to place the company’s Italian sausage with the mantra. Family Connection. which is closest to the mark customer’s nucleus values. A 2nd option would be to place the sausage with the phrase. Clever Cooking. It was easier to supply tactical support for Clever Cooking. Because the activity of out-of-door broil of bratwurst is non correlated to the consumers’ usage of Italian sausage on the weekends. the company doesn’t need to fear the cannibalization of their other trade names with this selling scheme. Both options have proven feasible constructs and suit the standards necessary of being realizable by the chosen day of the month for the brand’s national launch. Recommendation To optimise trade name individuality. the company should prosecute the first option of marketing the thought of Family Connection. This thought is more typical and lasting holding resulted in the highest figure of purchase purpose when compared to the other construct. This placement thought besides received the highest ballots in a canvass of consumers. inquiring which positioning construct they liked best. The Family Connection construct is meant to picture household and friends sharing one repast of good nutrient – â€Å"It Welcomes You In. † This construct entreaties to the emotional and functional benefits of Saxonville’s mark consumers’ nucleus values. of desiring to experience per se. that ( she ) is making a good occupation and will fulfill her trade name demands. Because â€Å"Vivio† ranked 7th when asked which trade name names fit best with the consumers’ â€Å"ideal† Italian sausage merchandise. I believe it is in the company ’s best involvement to reconsider the name of their Italian sausage trade name. The most popular name was â€Å"Italy’s Best. † Saxonville has established trueness with their trade name individuality and should do certain that when renaming their Italian sausage merchandise. they should include their name on the label and selling run. As for the 4P’s. I believe the company should lodge with their current merchandise. Italian sausage. but rename the merchandise. The monetary value of the merchandise is equal yet the company should pass more money on their advertisement of this peculiar merchandise. The company can market Italian sausage to Italian fresh markets which are known for their high quality meats. This would assist to make the homey. reliable. Italian heritage image. consumers crave. Recording current consumer information. such as nothing codification. as they purchase. will assist the company track the â€Å"place† of mark clients and finally enter a different market. This will enable the company to see which geographical cou ntries they are losing. while non taking concentrate off from present clients. Decision In decision. Saxonville should go on with their Italian sausage merchandise. but should rename the trade name from Vivio. to Italy’s Best. They should besides spread out the geographic parts in which their sausage merchandise is available to northeasterly supermarkets. to bring forth more gross. Even though Vivio. has created an established relationship with Saxonville consumers. we have come up with a program that won’t deflect from this advantage. In advertisement. Saxonville should include their household name when mentioning to Italy’s Best. every bit good as their traditional nickname. â€Å"The Family Company† . Saxonville stalwarts will acknowledge the mantra and trade name. and hence seek an extra merchandise by the trade name that they may non typically purchase. In the long tally. passing a little more to strategically market this trade name of the company will make exponential benefits for Saxonville in grosss. This revamped positioning scheme f or Saxonville will better their net income aims and turn the company’s trade name trueness. It will besides better their stance in the market of breakfast sausage and finally assist them go the national class leader for the market.

Ethics Question and Answer †ethics (100 Level Course)

Ethics Question and Answer – ethics (100 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Ethics Question and Answer Ethics Course 1.Do you think our society minimizes the power language holds? Actually I refuse to think that our society minimizes the power language holds! On the contrary, we take as much advantage as we can by choosing very appropriate words. For example, in the speech that Abraham Lincoln held at the Gettysburg Address, as we examine its language we realize that every word was very carefully chosen, and another arrangement of words may not have had such a big impact as this one had. In many fields such as politics, law, constitution, teaching, our society is very aware of choosing the right words that best express its intentions. Using the wrong words between two big nations in a treatment of peace could trigger a world war, and we all are very aware of that. Sometimes words hurt more than actions†¦ 2. Do you believe that racist and sexist language has decreased in our society? There is still some racist and sexist language that is used every day in our society. But compared to a few decades ago, this usage has decreased from being subject of the society to being used only in small groups. For example, when the Negro was still considered legitimately as a slave, it was because the white man considered himself superior to the black man, thus racism. Nowadays, legally the black man has the same civil rights as the white man. But there are still some groups of people that do not accept this condition of equality, such as the Ku Klux Klan, or the Black Panther Party. According to sexism, we have also made a big effort to consider sexes, masculine and feminine, equal. When before, the woman was destined only to work at home and take care of the children, nowadays we can see women leading big companies. But just like racism, a woman with the same job position as a man might get a little less salary than him. It is so, because the man still considers the woman as the weak sex and it hurts his ego to see a woman have more power than him. So sexism, such as racism is not yet completely eradicated, but we can heavily affirm that both have decreased considerably in the past decades. 3. Describe the difference between connotative and denotative meanings of words. Explain how our different cultures and backgrounds affect this. Connotation is the suggestion of a meaning by a word beyond what it explicitly denotes or describes. The word, home, for example, means the place where one lives, but by connotation, also suggests security, family, love and comfort. Denotation on the other hand describes the literal dictionary meaning of a word, such as it is described in the dictionary. We have to know how to carefully choose the right words when we converse. A word or expression, such as â€Å"nigger† for example, refers to the black man. But it has different connotation, depending on who is using the word. If a black man says â€Å"nigger†, it is ok since we understand that he is referring to the black man. But if a white man uses â€Å"nigger†, automatically this is considered as a racist depreciation of the black man, and that person would most likely have serious confrontation with other black people. 4. Select three and briefly report the results: Monitor a conversation you have with a friend†¦ My body or non-verbal language slightly differs whether I’m talking to a friend, or someone I know and feel comfortable with, and a person I just met and I want to give a good impression of myself. When I am talking to a friend, I feel free to express myself the most naturally as possible. This implies constant describing movement with my arms. I try to be as descriptive and dramatic as possible, knowing that whatever emblems I use, my friend won’t find it exaggerated or weird and run away because he or she knows me already and accepts it. If I am sad, you would see it in my facial expression because I would like somebody to ask me about how I feel and give me his or her affection. I would not pay that much attention to regulators and sometimes interrupt my friend even if he or she is not done with his or her sentence. When I was having an interview for a summer job though, my body expression was totally different. I tried to give a nice and smiley facial expression to show a good impression of myself. My arms were leaning together in front of my pelvis, and I remember having my hands in constant tension and rubbing one with the other. I paid much more attention to regulators and only talked when I recognized that it was my turn to talk. In a conversation where you would normally give eye contact to a friend, stop giving it†¦ Since I am used to looking the other person directly in the eyes, the first sensation I encountered was that I could no longer talk naturally. Since my eyes were naturally trying to go back to their usual position, keeping them down needed extra concentration and I constantly had to think about it. Therefore I couldn’t get 100% into the conversation and I used more vocal non-fluencies than I usually do. It did make me feel very uncomfortable because I could not control the situation anymore: I could not see the expressions of the person I was talking to, I couldn’t see whether he or she agreed with my opinion, whether he or she was listening to me or even if he or she was making a dubitative facial expression showing that he or she was totally lost in the conversation, or wasn’t paying attention to my words. All this lack of visual contact concluded in a lost of regulation and a lack of control, which made me feel very insecure and uncomfortable. Also, after not even a minute had passed, the other person already asked me if something was wrong or what I was doing starring at the ground, and I had to tell him or her what was going on so that he or she would not think I had gone crazy. Exploring touch can be a dangerous activity as other people can completely misunderstand our intentions. After thinking of the different touch interactions I have monitored, I think I can categorize myself as a touch closed person. My interactions with other people through touching differs from talking to a close friend to someone I know, and it is also different if I am talking to a girl or to a boy. Of course, if I am talking to someone that is not a friend or somebody I know well, I will only have a hand shake with him or her, avoiding any further touch. If I am talking to someone I know well, my touching depends on whether I am talking to a boy or a girl. If it is a boy, I might have touch interactions such as shaking hands, touching his shoulder, his back or sometimes his stomach as a joke. If it is a girl on the other hand, any touch that goes beyond the hand shake I consider it as flirting. For example, when a girl-friend wanted me to take and feel her hand because there was something she wanted me to see, I couldn’t avoid flirting with her and looking at her in a sensual way. I guess this is because I have only had boy-friends for the past eight years and I don’t remember anymore how it is to be with a girl without thinking of her as the opposite sex, but only as a friend. 5. Is it possible for us not to communicate verbally or nonverbally? Why or why not? Communication can be done either verbally or nonverbally. Therefore, in order to being able to communicate we must use at least one of the two ways. The natural way to communicate is using both at the same time, so if you avoid one of them it is either because you have any kind of disabilities or because you are forcing yourself not to use it. Either way, we can say that it is possible for us not no communicate verbally and nonverbally at the same time, thus using only one of both ways. It is sufficient to talk in order to communicate our message to another person. The only problem is that words can not always exactly express what we want to communicate. On the other hand, it is also possible, but especially in this case very limitative as far as transmitting with exactitude our message, to communicate only with use of the body. For example this is a very common way deaf people use to communicate. The only problem is that only a very few number of people know dominate this language. If you are a normal person, without hearing problems, and you want to communicate with another person that speaks a completely different language that you don’t understand, you use body language. The problem is that both of you are limited in using only very basic language, not being able to have complicated conversations. 6. Which do you believe is more accurate, nonverbal or verbal messages? As I have just stated in question 5, the best way to communicate is using both, nonverbal and verbal messages at the same time. But clearly, if we have to separate them, it is much more exact to use verbal communication unless we dominate the sign language that deaf people use. This is because we have a very bigger variety of words in our language that lets us express what we want to communicate in a much more exact way than our knowledge in signs does. For example, if you want to discuss the essence of existence and our mission in life, you would most likely not get very far using only nonverbal language (we consider writing also as a verbal message), only because you don’t know enough signs to express all your ideas and feelings. Another example would be a baby crying. Baby’s cry for different reasons: they are hungry, they feel pain, they want to be held by their mother, they are cold, they have poop, they are sick, etc. Sometimes it is difficult even for its mother to find out why her baby is crying. If the baby was able to talk and tell his or her mother the reason of why he or she was crying, it would be much easier and faster for her to help the baby. Research Papers on Ethics Question and Answer - ethics (100 Level Course)Where Wild and West MeetAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHip-Hop is ArtMind TravelComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings

Trilogy Standards

Trilogy Standards The Trilogy StandardsAbstractThe changes to the trilogy standards which comprise of AASB 1018 'Statement of Financial Performance", AASB 1034, "Financial Report Presentations and Disclosures" and AASB 1040 "Statement of Financial Position" created confusion within the accounting profession and business community. The changes were designed for the purposes of international harmonisation and for a paradigm of change away from the profit and loss approach. Many of the issues that arose are being addressed by Exposure Drafts and a emphasis on making the disclosures relevant and reliable is a key issue for the profession. This assignment covers the changes that took place, it looks at the response to the changes and is supported by evidence resulting from a study of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) and Ernst and Young (EY). The relevance and reliability issue as in the Statement of Accounting Concepts (SAC) 3: has created debate over whether the trilogy standards meet such requirements.Graphique du bilan de la Wikimedia Foundation / Gr...The overall concern is eliminating the misinterpretation and confusion caused so the financial information is both relevant and reliable.IntroductionThe current AASB 1018 'Statement of Financial Performance" was issued in October 1999, along with two other presentation and disclosure standards, AASB 1034, "Financial Report Presentations and Disclosures" and AASB 1040 "Statement of Financial Position". These three standards became generally known as "the trilogy" and were first pertinent for 30 June 2001 year-ends. The introduction of the trilogy was the largest change to the presentation of financial reports in Australia in recent times with the balance sheet and profit and loss account being replaced with a Statement of Financial Position and Statement of Financial Performance. The two main reasons behind the change are the international harmonisation program and the move towards a balance-sheet emphasis. After the first year of...

Lost in Digital Wonderland Finding a Path in the Global Knowledge Essay

Lost in Digital Wonderland Finding a Path in the Global Knowledge Society - Essay Example Such a transformation took place mainly due to the increased need for innovation. As the rate of trade dealings is enhancing in the entire globe, the ratio of competitiveness is also expanding. However, in order to cope up with such type of competitive needs or demands of the citizens, the labours or the producers need to develop highly extensive abilities and knowledge (Max-Planck institute for history and science, n. d.). Such type of demanding skills and knowledge might be attained only through varied types of learning programs, training programs such as on-the –job, household trainings etc. Only then, the employees or the individual might easily cope up with the risks or changing demands of the citizens in global economy. By doing so, the producer or the employees might position itself as a successful individual or organization in this global knowledge society as compared to others. Knowledge is described as a resource that helps to generate values and creativity. In this age of digitalisation, it is the knowledge that helps in enhancement of the dealings of trade leading to economic growth and development of a nation in the entire globe among others. Other than this, it is the knowledge that helps an individual entrepreneur to cope up with the changing requirements of the citizens by presenting inventive products. However, the inventive products are mainly developed with the help of new ideas and suggestions as well as advanced technologies (Huws, 2005). Only then, the employer or the employees in this revolutionary age might create a specific position for itself. Thus, it might be stated that knowledge is the prime requirement of an employee or employer to tackle global competitiveness. Knowledge society is recognised as a place, where all sorts of activities or actions take place with the help of both tacit and codified knowledge. Both tacit as well as codified knowledge is utilised in order to perform the knowledge works in this information age

Human Resource Management Degree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human Resource Management Degree - Essay Example Julie Beardwell and Tim Claydon, in their book have asserted that the theoretical concept of human resource management has become 'fuzzy concept' with abstract empiricism and needs to be looked from a wider perspective of providing the invaluable human capital that can meet the challenges of the rapid globalization and advancing technology (Beardwell & Claydon, 2007). With the global competition becoming increasingly stiff, the jobs specifications are becoming less rigid and changing the overall perspective of job criteria and employment. The compulsions of the present times require versatility in the working force. Individuals and firms must embrace the culture of multi skilled professionals that are able to meet the challenges with efficiency and unmatched proficiency. The recent concept of externalization of 'resources', through outsourcing has become popular with the organizations that need to concentrate in their core competencies. The contractual workforce serves to decrease the responsibility of the organization towards the people who would be 'indirectly' doing their work and at the same time, providing them with the opportunity to improve and improvise their business competencies through state of the art research and development. The strategy helps to provide the company with huge leverage in innovative products and services. Need for new approach The workforce is the backbone of an organization and the HR strategy needs to develop its unique organizational culture with well defined vision and mission statements which are effectively communicated to their employees. As employees are very important part of organizational culture, their welfare is an intrinsic part of corporate responsibility. In the era of advancing technology and rapid globalization, it is imperative that the workforce is encouraged to share mutual knowledge and ideas but they must also be involved into collective decision making to work towards common goals. Hence, the fast changing global values have necessitated drastic shift in the approach to traditional HR strategy. The increasingly changing pattern of society, which is becoming multicultural in essence, needs to be addressed in the wider application of social imperatives and included in all spheres of public and private business strategy. The businesses must introduce effective strategic goals and managerial controls that are able to address the emerging challenges of the society at large. The new HR strategy, therefore, must take account of the various factors that are intrinsically linked to people. Human resource as proactive human capital The globalization has ushered in a huge database of human capital whose potential needs to be exploited to realize one's own vision and mission. The contemporary times have redefined the business processes and business houses are becoming less rigid and changing their business and market strategy as per the socio- economic compulsions of the region. The contemporary times require versatility in the work ideology and functioning, thus making it imperative that the workforce must be looked as resource that can be tapped to improve and im

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay Example for Free

Examining Ethnic Differences in Achievemen Essay 1. The definition of an ethnic group is a group of people of the same race or nationality that share the same cultural norms and values. 2. Three ways in which the education system may encourage separation between children of different ethnic backgrounds are: Labelling and teacher racism, many teachers label their students and studies by interactionist sociologists found out that many teachers labelled black children as disruptive and they didn’t want them in their class. Another reason is the ethnocentric curriculum. Troyna and Williams describe the curriculum in British schools as ethnocentric because it gives priority to white culture and the English language; this causes separation between white pupils and other ethnic pupils. A final reason is the selection and segregation available to schools. David Gillborn argues that marketization has given schools greater scope to select pupils. This puts some ethnic minority pupils at a disadvantage because selection gives more scope for negative stereotypes to influence decisions about school admissions. 3. There are many ways in which factors in children’s home background may lead to differences in achievement levels between ethnic groups. The first way is cultural deprivation; this is split into 3 aspects. The first is intellectual and linguistic skills. Cultural deprivation theorists argue that many children from low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation and enriching experiences. Bereiter and Engelmann consider the language spoken by low-income black American families as inadequate for educational success. The next aspect is attitudes and values. Cultural deprivation theorists say that some black children are socialised into a subculture that instils a fatalistic ‘live for toady’ attitude that does not value education and leaves them unequipped for success. The final aspect of cultural deprivation is family structure and parental support. Daniel Moynihan argues that because many black families are headed by a lone mother, their children are deprived of adequate care because she has to struggle financially in the absence of a male breadwinner. Also Ken Pryce claims that Asians are higher achievers because their cukture is more resistant to racism and gives them a greater sense of self-worth. However, he argues, black Caribbean culture is less cohesive and less resistant to racism. As a result, many balck pupils have low self-esteem and under-achieve. Another reason is Material deprivation and class. According to Flaherty; Pakistani’s and Bangladeshis are over three times more likely than whites to be in the poorest fifth of the population, as a result statistics show that Pakistani and Bangladeshi boys are among the lowest ethnic groups in the country to obtain 5 A-C GCSE’s. A final reason is racism in wider society. David Mason says â€Å" discrimination is a continuing and persistent feature of the experience of Britain’s citizens of minority ethnic origin. † 4. The differences in educational attainment between different groups of pupils have been a major focus of much sociological research. These differences can often be seen to be largely due to different social class, but also gender or ethnicity. Social class is the most significant and dominant factor when looking at these differences, but ethnicity also has a relative impact on educational achievementÃ'Ž Education has a key role to play in eradicating racism and valuing diversity and it a responsibility for all educational establishments, including those with few or no ethnic minority pupils. Promoting racial equality demands a whole school approach and commitment from all those who are involved in the life and work of their school. Racism is linked to the educational achievement of minority ethnic groups, however the connections are complex. Gilborn and Mirza conclude that ‘social class and gender differences are also associated with differences in attainment but neither can account for persistent underlying ethnic inequalities: comparing like with like, African Caribbean, Pakistani and Bangladeshi pupils do not enjoy equal opportunities. ’ They also argue that in promoting educational inclusion as a means of raising standards, there is a need ‘for clarity and guidance in translating the commitment to equality and inclusion into policy proposals and practice at the local and school level. Many cultural deprivation theorists see the lack of intellectual and linguistic skills as a major cause of under-achievement. Gordon Bowker identifies their lack of standard English as a major barrier to progress in education and integration into wider society. However the Swann Report found that language was not a major factor in under-achievement. Other cultural deprivation theorists suc as Charles Murray argue that a high rate of lone parenthood and a lack of positive male role models lead to the under-achievement of some minorities. Also Anthony Flew believes that ethnic differences in achievement stem from cultural differences outside the education system, not discrimination within it. However Geoffrey Driver criticises the cultural deprivation theory for ignoring the positive effects of ethnicity on achievement. He shows that the black Caribbean family, far from being dysfunctional, provides girls with positive role models of strong independent wome Driver argues this is why black girls tend to be more successful in education than black boys. Some socilogists that the ethnic differences in education are cause by racism. John Rex shows how racial discrimination leads to social exclusion and how this worsens the poverty faced by ethnic minorities. In housing, for instance, discrimination means that minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard acoomodation than white people of the same class. This creates separation due to the ethnic children not being able to study at home and therefore getting lower grades than the white children who are able to study at home.

How Power Corrupted the Pigs in Animal Farm by George Orwell :: Free Essay Writer

The satire Animal Farm by George Orwell expresses the idea of self-government through the animals. The animals play the role of humans, in this way using most, if not all, of the human characteristics. Because the animals decide that they want to run the farm by themselves, they make up a way of living called Animalism. The basic principles of Animalism are two, all animals are to be treated as equals, and no animals shall acquire any human traits or characteristics whatsoever. The seven commandments under which they live are based on these major principles. As soon as they develop a whole new system, they throw out all of the humans that run the farm. Even though they are supposed to be equal, the pigs begin to take control. By the end of the novel, the pigs have manipulated the rest of the animals into doing everything they want. The pigs then become almost exactly like the humans. The most important pigs are Napoleon and Snowball, that is until Napoleon throws Snowball from the farm. It is throughout this satire that Orwell illustrates how power corrupts by showing the pigs actions. Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely is a concept widely understood after having read Orwell’s satire. It is first shown when the pigs take the milk and apples, explaining to the rest of the animals that everyone is equal, but some are just more â€Å"equal† than others. They also argue that the pigs do more thinking, and therefore need more energy to do so. It is in the latter part of the book, that the concept of corruption gradually earns its meaning. When Napoleon forces Snowball to leave the farm, the power is all his. Napoleon fixes anything that goes wrong on the farm simply by blaming Snowball. He insists that Snowball had always planned everything in order to harm the farm. Napoleon does not have a limit. The pigs break all seven commandments, some without notice, simply because power is addictive, and they constantly want more of it. It is never enough. These commandments are to be followed by all the animals living on the farm at all times. Included in these commandments is the sixth one which states that no animal shall kill any other animal. Napoleon breaks this commandment when he kills the chickens he says are against him and the farm’s ideals.

Case Analysis (Tuesdays with Morrie) Essay

CASE ANALYSIS: TUESDAYS WITH MORRIE I. Synopsis Morrie was Mitch’s favourite teacher. He was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS. One night, Mitch saw and recognized his old professor in a television show. He suddenly remembered the promise he made with his teacher, so he called him to set up a visit. Mitch began visiting Morrie every Tuesday and every time they meet Morrie taught Mitch lessons about life. The disease gradually overcome Morrie as days go by and during their last meeting, Morrie was nearing death. Morrie and Mitch hugged for the last time, and as they did Morrie noticed that Mitch is finally crying. Morrie died simply and peacefully with his family around one Saturday morning. II. Character Description Morrie is a former sociology professor who is compassionate, free-willed, and clever. He is suffering from a disease called ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) which prevents him from doing what he loves most, dancing. Mitch is journalist who is living a very fast paced life and succumbs himself in work that it consumes him. After reuniting with his old professor, he finally discovered the meaning of his life. III. Answers to case questions and requisites 1) a. Morrie’s father brought him to a factory to work and on that day he realized that he has asthma. So he vowed that he will never do work that used people and so he became a teacher with the help of his stepmother. b. Mitch’s visit with Morrie. It taught him how to pause for a while and rediscover the meaning of his life. c. Mitch after graduation who throw away his dream as a pianist and became a newspaper reporter. 2) a. Mitch taking interviews b. Mitch as a journalist c. Mitch being a sports writer and a boyfriend to Janine d. Mitch who has a lot of deadlines 3) a. The case of Mitch Albom, he was a journalist, a boyfriend, a taxpayer, a son, an employer, a student but most of all he was a friend to Morrie. b. Morrie as a former sociology teacher. 4) In the movie Tuesdays with Morrie, the primary group of Mitch is Morrie and his family because Morrie and Mitch exemplified a lasting and personal relationship. The work group of Mitch on the other hand stands as his secondary group. 5) The type of leadership roles that is very apparent in the movie is instrumental leadership and the leadership style that is also noticeable is authoritarian as illustrated by Warner, the boss of Mitch who gives him orders to get things done and demands him of his deadlines. 6) Bureaucracy was obvious in the area work of Mitch. It demonstrated characteristics such as specialization, hierarchy of offices as exemplified by Mitch’s boss and Mitch being his subordinate, and impersonality demonstrated also by Warner who didn’t have an idea of Mitch’s personal whereabouts he found about Morrie’s condition later in the story. 7) In the film, Mcdonalization is present through the use of laptops and telephones these are mediums of equipment used by Mitch to be efficient in his work as a journalist and to quickly transmit articles to his boss especially when meeting deadlines. The presence of airplanes also exemplifies a Mcdonalization society because airplanes are also under the control of computers, pilots merely oversee the process. IV. Conclusions There are a lot of Mitch’s around us whose fear of death disillusioned us into living life racing with the clock. I too am like Mitch whose fear of death made me live life as if tomorrow will never come. But I realized that it’s only when we know how to die that’s time when we know how to live. Sometimes, I do things that I thought would fulfil and would give meaning to my existence. And I thought I’m happy doing that, but I realized that I’m only living in the emotions of the moment that is after that moment passes and I’m alone emptiness starts to crawl back. And because I live life to the extremes, I often forget about the things that matters the most and I know now that all I need to do is to click that pause button and to use every moment of that time doing something that I will never regret that is to appreciate and value everything and everyone life has given me. In the film, Morrie said that when we live we need other people to survive and when we die we need other people to survive and we must love one another or die. Indeed it’s true, because all of us are connected to one another. In some ways, I, function for other people. I play an important part in my professors’ lives because without students their roles as teachers will never have meaning. Since we are connected with one another, everyone is dependent to other people so we must love and treat well those who give meaning to our lives because they are one of the reasons why we are still alive. After watching the film, I know now, what scares me most about death, its saying goodbye to someone whom I will never have the chance to say hello again. When I think about death, I automatically linked it with nothingness that is when someone dies they become nothing. But what I didn’t realized is that soon they will return to something larger afterlife and I can still greet them again. I know I can never command life to treat me well and be the way I want it to be because life has it’s own mind but if there’s one thing I know I’m sure of, that is I can treat life well and make the most out of it. Morrie perceived life as a rubber band it pulls us back and forth – pull as one way we think that’s what we want to do, pull us the other way we think that’s  what we have to do. For him, this is the tension of the opposites, we learn from what hurts us as much as what loves us. In the movie, Morrie taught us to love those people who have hurt us. He recommends that we try to understand them and be selfless even if we have developed a hardness of heart against them. We must learn how to forget all the pain that they’ve inflicted in us because even if we try to erase them in our lives, they are still a part of the person that we become. And one important lesson Morrie taught is learning how to forgive, now. We shouldn’t wait for our death sentence to come before we could finally find it in our hearts to forgive everyone and everything because every day is an opportunity to die and opportunity to live.

Definition essay: Trust Essay

Definition Essay: Trust What is trust? The dictionary meaning of trust is a firm belief in the reliability, truth, ability, or strength of someone or something. The second meaning is, confidence placed in a person by making that person the nominal owner of property to be held or used for the benefit of one or more others. But what can we really define as trust? In this paper, I will discuss how trust is used every day in different situations, how we deal with trust in various relationships, and how we as individuals practice trust within ourselves. There are many different kinds of examples of trust. Some include, trust in your family, trust in your friends, and trust in someone special to you. An example of trust in your family is trusting your mom to pick you up from school when you we’re a codependent child, or trusting your older brother or older sister to have your back when someone picks on you at school. Trust in family also includes trusting your parents to provide for you in all aspects, making you feel like a secure and stable child. Trust goes as far as friendships. You want friends who you can count on, tell your deepest secrets too, and be able to confide in everything with. As a child I had two best friends who meant the world to me and who I felt I can tell anything too. These girls we’re both my next-door neighbors who I have known now for thirteen years. As a child, you make a variety of friends and every new friend you make you can call your best friend because there is innocence and excitement there when having someone new come into your life. Part of growing up is realizing who your true friends are. Who your life-long friends will be and eventually never relate to those temporary friends you made again. Another example, high school is a time where you can make so many friends before you head off to college. In high school you might face drama that could cause you to lose trust in someone you thought would always have your trust. That is when you realize that in times of trouble and disappointment, the friends that have known you for many years will always be there to comfort you. We put our trust in people that we have turned our backs on to take us back once again when we need them, even if we do not deserve that type of treatment. Trust comes and goes and you experience that in many relationships, but we as people have to learn not to hold someone up  on a pedestal and accept whatever flaws and baggage that anyone has, because we ourselves carry some of those things as well. When it comes to a relationship with someone you are dating, trust is an essential element to have. When you meet someone for the first time, you can trust them because you haven’t experienced something that tests the trust between you both. When getting into a serious relationship, you experience the good times and the bad times. When the tough times come, you want to be able to confide in that special person to help you through it and lift you up when you are feeling down. Trust comes and goes as you get to know someone and grow closer and closer into a relationship with them. As easy as it is to trust someone, it is easier to lose it. Owners of companies, managers, chief executive officers; these are people that employees apart of a company put their trust in every day. The top head of any company or business is looked upon as a leader and a trustworthy peer who you put your trust in to lead your business or company to success. As a person working under someone who is owner and chief of a business it is also my part to help the business grow and work hard to bring success into the business as well. Therefore, the top head of any company puts trust in his or her employees to get the job as well. Putting trust in God is another example of trust. This is a type of trust that is very complex. Non-believers do not seem to understand how we can put our trust into someone we cannot see. With faith comes trust, and as we grow in our faith, trusting comes a lot easier every day. We put our trust in the Bible and trust that everything that is said in it is true. This is a form of trust that is different than trusting people who you have earthly relationships with. We often confide in different passages and scriptures in the Bible to see examples of how we should trust God. One example of trust in the Bible is the story of Joseph. Joseph was sold into slavery by his own brothers, who he trusted, and became sold to Potiphar, the official in Pharaohs household. After being thrown into prison by Potiphar for being accused for raping Potiphar’s wife, he worked hard and became in charge of the prisoners. Pharaoh then had a dream, and the dream could only be interpreted by Joseph because God blessed him with that gift. After interpreting the dream, he became in charge of all of Egypt under pharaohs command. Joseph’s brothers traveled to Egypt to buy food, and there he revealed himself to his brothers and they apologized to him for  what they did to him. Josephs forgave them and sent for his father Jacob and the rest of his people. Then they all came to Egypt and settled in a land pharaoh gave them. Joseph had saved the twelve tribes of Israel, Gods chosen people. Joseph trusted God no matter how bad the situation became. This is an example of how we as Christians put faith first and learn to trust God through these stories of how he reveals himself faithfully. The last type of trust I want to talk about is self-trust. We as people believe the lies we tell ourselves of not being able to do certain things. When we learn to trust ourselves and our capabilities we can go above and beyond our expectations. That is a type of trust that we learn to accept as we go through tough times and seek for inward confidence. Believing and being able to trust yourself in every situation is the k ey to a life of prosperity. Trusting yourself could be good or bad in some cases. Trusting yourself could be bad if you know what your weaknesses are or how strong your will-power is. For example, if you have to be somewhere at a specific time, and you say to yourself, â€Å"I have 30 minutes, I’ll be fine† but in reality you know by just knowing yourself that you should’ve been on the way a long time ago, could be used as a poorly self-trusting act. Trusting yourself in situations where you could make a big mistake by doing something you’re not supposed to and walking away from a problem, is an example of a good use of self-trust. To bring my essay to a close, I would like to end with my conclusion of the definition of trust as an essential asset in any significant relationship you face in order to help it grow. Trust is a form of a test in how we evaluate individuals and determine who we can confide in. Lastly, trust in one-self is important for our well-being as humans and exploring and realizing all our capabilities and possibilitie s in life. I would like to end my paper with a quote from Corrie ten Boom that says, â€Å"Never be afraid to trust an unknown future to a known God.† I hope you enjoyed reading my paper and took away with you a deeper understanding of what trust is.

Federalist No.10 essays

Federalist No.10 essays In Federalist No. 10, Madison has written about how factions have caused negative influence on the public administration. Factions being a problem and problems must have causes; therefore there are causes to factions. When the causes of a problem have been defined, then you will be able to develop some methods to remove the problem. Better yet, if the methods to remove the problem seem to be impracticable, a solution needs to be developed to prevent any further recurrence of factions. The principal cause of a faction can be summed up as, united and activated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, on to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community. The other causes of factions are shown in the nature of man. We see them everywhere brought into different degrees of activity, according to the different circumstances of civil society. The principal cause of a faction has been defined; now some methods to remove the problem of factions can be developed. First method is to destroy the liberty, which is essential to its existence. Another method is by giving to every citizen the same opinions, the same passions, and the same interest. These two methods are unwise and impracticable because as long as the reason of man continues fallible, and he is at liberty to exercise it, different opinions will be formed. Since the methods of removal will not work, a solution will be formed to cure the problem of factions. A large republic will be the best solution to factions. In a large Republic it will be more difficult for unworthy candidates to practice with success the vicious arts, by which elections are too often carried because they will be chosen by a greater number of citizens than in smaller republic. In the end, Madison has not written what has not been true; factions have caused negative influence on the public administration. The causes of factions are visible...

6 Tips when Writing for a Global Audience

6 Tips when Writing for a Global Audience As businesses become more international, so must our writing. Fortunately, good business writing skills transfer very well to global audiences. Here are a few helpful tips for writing for a global audience: 1) Avoid academic or technical writing styles Academic and technical writing styles are very information dense. The sentences are long, they contain a lot of information, and there is often technical language that may be hard for the average person to understand. Compare an article from your local newspaper to an academic journal article or a technical manual to see the difference. To effectively reach your global audience, write in a more straightforward style. The next few tips are good examples of how to do this. 2) Use lists Numbered or bulleted lists are much easier to understand and respond to than paragraphs. Whenever possible, put information in a list. Anchor each item with strong, clear vocabulary to get your point across 3) Choose the right words Did you know that for every native speaker of English, there are (almost) two non-native speakers? I find this statistic incredible – approximately 2/3 of the people who speak English learned it as a second language! Of course, English varies widely depending on where it is being spoken, so you want to choose words that are internationally recognized. For example: Strange is more commonly recognized worldwide than the very American weird. Friend is used more widely than synonyms like pal, chap, mate, etc. Change your money is far more common than to get change, to break a dollar/20, to cash a check. The best way to figure this out is to listen to the way English is used in different places. Another good practice is to think about the words you use and whether they have a more specific synonym. Which leads us to†¦ 4) Be as specific as possible Choose words, particularly verbs, that mean exactly what you want them to mean. A good of example of why this is important is phrasal verbs (verb + preposition = a different meaning). For example: Blow up vs. Explode. These two mean the same thing, but a non-native speaker will often read blow up literally, and imagine someone blowing air up. So, a sentence like â€Å"The stock price is going to blow up!† might be completely nonsensical. Explode is a much better choice. Run into vs. Meet unexpectedly Again, these two mean the same thing, but run into could be taken literally. So, it would be better to say, â€Å"I met John unexpectedly at the restaurant last night.† Instead of â€Å"I ran into John at the restaurant last night.† It may seem like a small difference, but in the context of a longer conversation, it could be quite confusing! Talk into vs. Convince. Here, the into is what’s confusing. Into usually connotes a spatial change, but talk into involves a change of opinion. Convince is a much clearer choice. For example, â€Å"We have to convince them to lower their price.† 5) Choose the right grammatical structures I have previously written about business writing grammar, but the general idea is that you want to use easy to understand grammatical structures: present, past, and future simple tenses. These are the first tenses you learn in a foreign language, so they are fairly widely understood. Similarly, do not rely on grammar to explain time relationships. Instead, use adverbs, such as first, next, last, to do this job. Like listing, these adverbs are additional cues that help your reader understand what needs to be done. 6) Do not make assumptions This is the hardest tip to put into practice because we all have a set of cultural assumptions. I will share an example from my experiences to help clarify what this means: I am an American professor at an American university. As such, I expect my assignment instructions to be followed. I work with international and immigrant students, so I always give very explicit instructions. Semester after semester, I was getting a handful of papers that blatantly ignored those detailed and painstakingly crafted instructions. I finally talked to some other teachers who had taught abroad and asked them what I was missing. Apparently, there are some places where you are expected to do something other than what the instructions specify. This was a total light bulb moment for me. I am now very clear about the fact that my instructions are EXACTLY what I expect in the final papers and that my students should not deviate from them. Simply stating this has helped tremendously (both in the students’ work and in my frustration levels). My expectations in the above scenario were actually culturally based assumptions – I mean, the teacher tells you what she wants, and you do that, right? Not always! We all have cultural assumptions about many things – time, money, relationships, work schedules, vacation, meetings, etc. – and it is hard to see beyond them sometimes. If you enjoyed these 6 tips make sure to check out our complete list of 87 business writing tips. As you can see, the items above are all elements of good business writing, but they are particularly important with global audiences. Short, clear, direct sentences help your reader to respond in a timely manner. Instructional Solutions offers business writing courses that can help you to achieve this type of writing.

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 52

Assignment Example He cites several reasons towards this. The most prominent cause of the high levels of arrest amount individuals in this bracket is the weeding out of wealthy individuals. This means that police tend not to put a critical focus on crimes that are committed by individuals who have some form of financial ability (Reiman & Leighton, 2010). This has led to the profiling of such individuals as individuals with potential of committing crime. The police profiling is based on the theory of comparing the magnitude of the crime and the levels of income earned. Therefore, when an individual in the middle-income brackets commits a petty crime may walk away with just but a mere warning without arrest. In addition to profiling of the individuals, the author puts out an argument in the road toward prison. He acknowledges that the police regularly investigate individuals who have the least levels of political and economic clout (Reiman & Leighton, 2010). Therefore, a case on a petty crime such as non-aggravated assault and shoplifting may quickly go cold if the key suspect of a crime if the person has any potential or significant political or economic influence. Therefore leaving the individuals in the lower end if the income bracket most vulnerable to arrest Notable is the high conviction rates of individuals in the lower income bracket than in the higher bracket. According to Reidman, the topic of guilt or not guilty is highly affected by the individual’s ability to secure funds that are necessary for acquiring legal counsel or even be freed on bail. As both of them require access to a significant amount of money, it is not a shock that individuals who are likely to be convicted of a crime. Studies have indicated that unemployed individuals and individual who do not have the ability to make bail are three times more likely to be

Essay stress Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Stress - Essay Example that â€Å"the preset world is marked by increased cases of stress that is evident in nearly every activity that we undertake.† This work will show the causes and effects of stress to describe how stress levels have risen over the last three decades. It will expose some of the underlying factors associated with stress and its impact on people. This will focus on two countries namely China and United Kingdom. Relevant to the above, the paper will focus on comparison of three aspects of stress based on the modern and past life. Some of these aspects will comprise of work-related stressors, financial-based stressors, as well as stress associated with family issues. The paper will also explore health-related issues relevant to stress in the lives of human beings. In this respect, the paper will explore the effects of stress on digestive problems as well as heart diseases. Modern life is seen as more stressful as compared to the past. This can be viewed in terms of the health related issues that bedevil the current world, the financial issues, family issues, as well as the health related issues (Russell, 2013). These issues have been attributed to the increasing cases of stress related problems in the current society. It is of crucial significance to note that the level at which each aspect of the modern life mentioned above affects the lives of human beings differs considerably from each other. For instance, the consequences of health related stressors may greatly vary from the consequences of other aspects like family issues as well as financial issues. However, it is of critical significance to acknowledge the fact that these aspects of stress are greatly interlinked. Therefore, however much their consequences may vary, they contribute massively in making the modern life more stressful as compared to the past life. The issue of work has been shown to be one of the causes of stress in the modern world. This issue has been one of the problems that have bedeviled the

Nursing, current health developments to improve the risk of deep vain Essay

Nursing, current health developments to improve the risk of deep vain thrombosis for patients in hospital - Essay Example They are reliable in their field of practice and in researches related to their field of practice. The research is valid in terms of ethical processes, especially in ensuring that the research gathering process is voluntary and gained through informed consent (Hucker, 2001). The research is paid for by the authors, not by any private corporations. Hence, the validity of the results are not overshadowed by private funding (Friedman, 2004). Most of the materials used present unbiased and reliable results (Davies and Dodd, 2002). This study is significant in terms of establishing the importance of adopting and prioritizing preventive measures for DVT. Dennis, M. (2009) Effectiveness of thigh-length GCS to reduce DVT after stroke. 2518 patients Quantitative/experimental Outcome-blinded, randomised controlled trial Non-significant absolute reduction in risk of 0.5% (95% CI -1.9% to 2.9%). Skin breaks, ulcers, blisters, and skin necrosis were significantly more common in patients allocated to GCS than in those allocated to avoid their use. Results do not support use of thigh-length GCS in patients admitted to hospital with acute stroke. The author is a highly qualified expert in the field of medicine, most especially in cardiovascular medicine and in the clinical management of thrombus issues. He is reliable in his field and has carried out different researches in related studies (Williams, 2010). The research is valid in terms of the statistical processes applied, and different methodology applied (Strauss and Corbin, 1990). The research has been paid for by the author, not by any private corporation. The analysis and data results are based on thorough analysis of results (Glesne and Peshkin, 1992). No logical fallacies are seen from the author’s conclusions (Ethridge, 2004). This study is significant because it reviews the use of which length GC stockings in patients at risk for DVT Falanga, A (2005) To review the clinical significance of VTE in patients wit h cancer and the strategies for management of VTE in these patients, including the potential role of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs). 49 studies Quantitative Clinical review The use of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) therapy instead of VKAs may be beneficial in patients. This agent offers an effective alternative to VKAs in the long-term management of VTE, that is free from the practical problems associated with the use of VKAs and without increasing the risk of bleeding. Alternative means of managing DVT among cancer patients present with advantages which assist in their long-term care. These alternatives must be considered for patients. The author is also a highly qualified expert in the field of medicine, specifically in oncology and cardiovascular diseases. She has published several studies in cardiovascular diseases and in cancer management. She is highly respected in her field and has published numerous researches on cancer management, including thrombus management. This makes her a highly reliable author (Williams, 2010). The methods applied truly measure what they intend to measure (Joppe, 2000). The authors in the reviewed studies outline some of their methodology which is within ethical parameters of reliability and

Las Meninas Essay Example for Free

Las Meninas Essay The aim of this paper is to analyze Diego Velazquez’s painting â€Å"Las Meninas†, one of the most impressive and controversial art pieces in history. The content and the message of the painting â€Å"Las Meninas† provides much food for thought. On the picture we can see the artist himself as he works at a canvas, but we can’t see what exactly he is painting; he is not alone in the studio. A group of seven is situated in the front part of the studio. Infanta Margarita is in the centre of the group. Infanta is accompanied by two maids of honour; one is serving her a refreshing drink. We also see Margarita’s playmates – a male and female dwarfs; one of them is teasing a sleepy dog. Two grave adults stand slightly farther than Infanta. The interior of the studio is also rendered with great attention and mastery. Velazquez is an unsurpassed master in light and shadow and delicate harmony of colours. There exists a variety of possible interpretations of this brilliant picture. The enigma of â€Å"Las Meninas† is connected with the following question: what painting is Velazquez working at? One of the possible interpretations suggests that the royal couple sits for the portrait, because we see them in the mirror on the opposite wall. But such an explanation contradicts some important facts. From history, King Philip IV and her second wife Marianna do not have any portrait where they would be portrayed together done by Velazquez. Therefore we may consider the hypothesis that Infanta Margarita herself sits for the painting. Velazquez caught the moment when the King and the Queen were entering the room as the mirror restores visibility to that which resides outside our view. Some personages have already noticed them – Infanta Margarita, the maid of honour standing to the right from Infanta and also the painter who interrupted his work to greet the royal couple. The symbolism of the painting is complex. The figures on the painting form a circle which is traditionally considered a symbol of the devotion and service. Scholars believe that a horoscope is concealed in â€Å"Las Meninas† (Vasilakis, 1997). French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault, one of the most influential public figures of the 20th century in European and American intellectual circles, has always been fascinated by the painting. His interest in Velazquez’s â€Å"Las Meninas† is associated with the painting’s preoccupation with exploring two philosophical concepts Foucault explored extensively in his works, namely the concept of the gaze and the concept of representation. The fact that the painter (a self-portrait of Velazquez) is looking at something that is supposed to be invisible to the spectator invites those regarding the painting to apprehend themselves. Thus, spectators are prescribed an active rather than passive role in observing the painting: â€Å"We are observing ourselves being observed by the painter, and made visible to his eyes by the same light that enables us to see him. And just as we are about to apprehend ourselves, transcribed by his hand as though in a mirror, we find that we can in fact apprehend nothing of that mirror but its lustreless back. Foucault’s exploration of the process of observation is based on the interactionist approach to knowledge creation. As OFarrell (2008) informs, â€Å"Foucault uses the word [gaze] to refer to the fact that it is not just the object of knowledge which is constructed but also the knower. † The painting represents spectacle-as-observation, given that the painter and other figures look at the painter’s models that should remain invisible to the spectator. Yet the spectator can see the painter’s models, King Philip IV and his wife, in the mirror that is placed at the wall in the back the room. While spectators can see the figures in the mirror, the painter himself or anyone of his posse are not looking at the mirror, so it remain invisible for them. Foucault (1994) notes that â€Å"[t]here are, it is true, some heads turned away from us in profile: but not one of them is turned far enough to see, at the back of the room, that solitary mirror, that tiny glowing rectangle which is nothing other than visibility, yet without any gaze able to grasp it, to render it actual, and to enjoy the suddenly ripe fruit of the spectacle it offers. † This phrase calls into the question the foundations of solipsism – whether objects actually exist if not regarded, observed, gazed at by a living being. Foucault’s statement that the mirror is not rendered actual by anyone looking at it suggests that the painting implicitly probes the concept of solipsism. The notion of gaze, central to the analysis of the painting, is linked to a variety of other, more substantial philosophical issues. For example, Foucault’s interest in the problem of representation stems from his conviction that representation is inherently linked to knowledge. Las Meninas,† by virtue of its spatial organization, allows application of deconstructive techniques to analyzing the painting itself and critically reflecting on concepts that are employed in this analysis. As Denzin (2007) notes, â€Å"a deconstructive reading engages four paired terms: (1) the real and its representations in a text; (2) text and author; (3) presence and lived experience; (4) subjects and their intentional meanings† (p. 69). The painting offers an opportunity to reflect on all these relationship in order to arrive at the correct judgment about the nature of representation. Foucault believes that Classical representation as defined in pre-Renaissance period based on equating thought and representation (i. e. the process of thinking was defined as using ideas to represent objects) was limited in its inability to explore the real meaning of representation. The problem of the relation between reality and its representations is solved differently under different epistemological regimes. Classical representation implies that the relation between reality and its representations is not the one of resemblance, since there are no characteristics of the idea that are themselves the representation of the object. Classical representation suggests that knowledge means having ideas that represent what a person knows. Descartes in his exploration of representation uses the concept of objective and formal reality for counterpositioning the object in the real world and the idea of that object in human thought. He discusses the sun as an example of interrelation between the two realities: the representation of the sun in human thought is a small two-dimensional circle in the sky, while the formal, or real sun is huge and spherical (Berreitter, 2000). Foucault poses a question of how can humans verify whether representations of objects are adequate. It is an impossible task since for the reason it will require comparing idea with the object independently of its representation. However, humans do not know object – only their representations. As Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2008) informs, â€Å"[t]he only possibility is that the idea itself must make it apparent that it is a representation. The idea represents the very fact that it is a representation. † This is precisely why Foucault (1994) believes in the exceptionality of â€Å"Las Meninas. † Due to the spatial organization of the painting, â€Å"the necessary disappearance of that which is its foundation of the person it resembles and the person in whose eyes it is only a resemblance. This very subject which is the same has been elided. And representation, freed finally from the relation that was im ¬peding it, can offer itself as representation in its pure form. † Therefore, â€Å"Las Meninas† is a unique painting that is able to provoke an in-depth exploration of core philosophical concepts. The fact that the painter is gazing at something that is visible to spectators in the mirror which the figures at the painting do not observe implies that the painting goes beyond the limits of Classical representation and calls for a deconstructive reading of the artwork.

Urban Legend of Glenn Dale Hospital :: Urban Legends Ghost Stories

Glenn Dale Hospital Many urban legends get passed down to others from information people hear, read, and experience on their own. Stories get manipulated and exaggerated over time and reasons for the story’s existence can vary. The true story of Glenn Dale Hospital appears to be rather clear according to credible sources – but this does not stop people from creating their own myths and legends and believing what others tell them is true. The story was told to me by a white female college sophomore that I have known for many years. We happened to be back home over the same weekend and I happened to be on the hunt for an urban legend; luckily she was eager to tell me about her experience trying to visit Glenn Dale Hospital. The following is the story I was told, as close to verbatim as possible: I remember it was Freshman year [in high school] and all the upper class lacrosse girls told us to meet at one of the girl’s houses because we were going to go to a party. We met up there, and got into three different cars and started driving. The van I was in had 6 other girls in it and I was pretty good friends with the senior driving it so it didn’t take long for the senior to tell us that we weren’t really going to a party – and that we were going to go visit an abandoned insane asylum. I had never heard of Glenn Dale Hospital and the entire trip, we were told of how many unexplainable deaths used to occur at the hospital and how if you go there today, you can still hear the screams of the patients throughout the halls. I don’t remember what road we ended up on, but next thing I knew – it was all of us freshman walking through a long field seeing a large building in front of us. The closer we got†¦ the slower we walked. We started ta lking about everything we had heard in the trip up. One girl mentioned that there are still bodies and papers left in the hospital and that the place was abandoned after the workers refused to keep working there after so many inexplicable deaths. Another mentioned that there are always cops patrolling the place and you can get arrested for trespassing. Ironically, as soon as the girl finished talking about the cop, we heard a loud voice from the other side of the building.

Historical Particularism Essay

Historical particularism is a school of thought that developed in the United States during the first half of the 20th century under the leadership of Franz Boas. This school of thought evolved at a time when in history, anthropologists were busy studying the Native American cultures which were rapidly disappearing. The main reason behind the tireless efforts by the anthropologists in the studies was because they were committed to preserving their unique cultures from the integration that threatened them. On another perspective and in view of the historical context in which this school of thought involved, it is said that Historical particularism come into existence as an effort to reject the evolutionism school of thought which was earlier held by anthropologists. It is indeed a paradigm in anthropology that is widely marked by a desire to move away from theories of evolution or diffusion. This school of thought criticizes them of being non scientific in their methods of cultural analysis. The main idea behind the Historical particularism school of thought was that it maintained a strong focus on cultures themselves. It calls for a holistic approach to understanding culture in their terms. This meant that detailed studies had to be done on cultures in their own terms. This was in consideration of certain aspects that were specific to the culture and community under study especially in considering their unique histories. It calls on anthropologists to avoid theorizing but instead get down to studying seriously and carefully the way culture is formed in respect to the environment or history. This is the holistic approach that seeks to fully understand culture as opposed to any form of evaluating one culture against the other. According to Boas, the main proponent of this school of thought, he argues that each society’s culture is a collective representation of its unique historical past that shows a lot of connection with the present culture. As such he was opposed to the use of assumptions in addressing the development of the kin system and religion in society over history as presented by the evolutionist perspective. The earlier ideas held that since it was a progressive move from one state to another, some societies were well ahead of others in their systems. But it was held that each would have to pass through the same stages as they progressed from primitive stages to the most civilized stages. Although there is the existence of general laws of human behavior in societies, these behaviors can well be understood from proper studies conducted on a specific society. He held that cultures of different societies can have similar traits due to a variety of reasons and not specifically due to the general laws of human behavior, some of the reasons could be as a result of invention, adoption from others through interrelationship in trade or cultural contacts while others could be results of historical accidents. Therefore it would not be right to argue on the basis of similarities in traits in different cultures but it calls for proper study and understanding of culture in its full context. The movement of historical particularists is seen to put more value on field work and history as the critical methods of cultural analysis. As such they collect vast amount of first hand cultural data upon which they gain information to base their descriptions of particular cultures as opposed to general theories that are given to apply to all societies (www. mnsu. ed) Ideas of major contributors in historical particularism Franz Boas (1858-1942) is the major proponent of this school of thought and the main contributor alongside other scholars most of whom were his students. They contributed to the advancement of this school of thought either by supporting him or at time by criticizing him on his work. These major figures include: Alfred Kroeber, Ruth Benedict, Robert Lowie, Margaret Mead, Edward Sapir and Paul Radin. The major idea presented by Boas was that the ordering of societies by the evolutionism was not valid. He criticized this method as being based on assumptions since it did not have any historic evidence. Concerning the method of gathering and organizing data he said that it was not based on first hand experiences concerning the societies which they were describing. This is because they mostly used secondary data and did not visit the societies they were studying. Instead of the use of secondary data to describe a society, Boas advocated for the use of first hand information which the researcher/anthropologist obtains from the society. This was to be collected during fieldworks in the community. He said that the researcher should act as a participant observer. In addition he should also learn the language of the society and think like its people so as to collect the information that will help to describe the people’s interrelationship. This is usually done by recording life histories and folklore and then connecting them with the historical data of the society. He held individuals to be very important as they formed the basic component of the society. He therefore gathered data from them and used such data for cultural analysis. Alfred Louis Kroeber (1876-1960) He was a student to Franz Boas and it was under his influence that he developed interest in ethnology and linguistics. He is mostly noted and recognized for his use and development of the idea of culture as a superorganic entity. He went ahead to suggest that culture had to be analyzed through methods that were specific to the super organic nature. It is on this issue that he differed with Boas on the importance of the individual. While Boas held that the individual is the basic component of a society and therefore used data and information gathered from individuals to analyze the culture, Kroeber on the other hand did not find the individual to be an important element of the society. Instead he said that the society evolved in line with internal laws that did not originate from its individuals. Therefore one would not analyze the individual since the two were entirely different phenomena and needed to be treated as such. In spite of the fact that he was mentored by Boas, Kroeber disagreed with him in that while Boas emphasized much on the gathering and organizing of data showing much concern on the causal process and their description (abstract phenomena), on the other hand Kroeber was concerned with concrete phenomena and their development over time something that his mentor did not put much emphasis on (www. as. au. edu) The other notable figure in the historical particularism school of thought is Ruth Benedict (1887-1948). She was Boas’ student who took most of her time to conduct the extensive fieldwork in gathering data on different groups in United States. She is most noted for developing concepts like culture configuration and personality. She used the concept of culture configuration to refer to the sum of all the individual personalities of a society. She said that differences in cultural configurations were not in any way representing higher or lower capacity for cultural development. Instead they were just but alternative means by which society and experience could be organized. Robert H. Lowie (1883-1957) is another notable figure in this school of thought. He studied under Boas. He was greatly influenced by Boas on the issue of the need to collect and analyze as much data as possible. The main sources that he advocated for were the historical documents that he used to gather data with during his studies on societies. The other figures we will consider are Edward Sapir (1884-1939) and Paul Radin (1883-1959). Each of them made a significant contribution to this school of thought. Sapir’s most notable point is the disagreement on the issue of the place of the individual in the society. He disagreed with the proposition by Kroeber that culture was separate with the individual. Paul Radin’s criticism of Boas methods and the concept of culture are the most notable point and contribution to this school of thought. Radin argued that it was the individual who introduced change in religion, technology and innovation into a culture. This is the position that he held and supported that it was the individual who shaped culture and not culture shaping the individual as earlier held. Almost all the major figures mentioned in the historical particularism approach disagreed on the definition of culture. Franz Boaz viewed culture as a set of customs, social institutions and beliefs that characterized any particular society and were defined by the environmental conditions and other historical events. In his view which was different from Boas’, Kroeber viewed culture as a separate entity from the individual that followed its own laws (super organic). When we consider Benedict’s view, culture was described as the basic ways of living by a group of people. Sapir on the other hand argued that culture was not contained in the society itself but consisted of many interactions between the individuals and the society. It is Radin who stressed on the role of the individual as an agent of cultural change. In his argument he said the culture is molded by the individual through innovations. As such it was dependent on the individual for progress and change. Historical particularism and relationship to other schools of thought Historical particularism developed as an alternative approach to the socio-cultural theories that were proposed by both evolutionists and diffusionists and were judged by this school as being unprovable. The evolutionists held that human beings shared some set of characteristics and modes of thinking which transcended individual cultures. This meant that cultural development of individual societies would move through similar series of development. This led to comparison between societies on their development levels which were based on their mental development. In order to explain what happened over history diffusion was used as an approach to accomplish this. This thought argued that all culture and civilization developed only once and spread out to the other places in the world through people’s migration. In simpler terms, this school held that cultures were tied together in form of common origin. This idea was not fully convincing especially in explaining own inventions and other forms of cultures that were in different places in the world. It was in view of these different schools of thought and their inability to explain and prove all that happened over history pertaining to cultural change that historical particularism was developed. According to this school of thought, detailed regional studies of culture had to be done in order to discover the distribution of culture traits and also the processes of cultural change. It mostly seeks a reconstruction of their histories. Data is collected on all aspects of different human societies so as to be able to make accurate generalization about cultural development. According to the historical particularists, racial implications in defining cultural development in line with mental development were to show the European society as the end of the sequence in development. This was not in order since it would be hard for one to interpret cultural change unless observations are first done. These observations should be based on the perspective of the society they are describing. This made the major stand for historical particularists that it was necessary for the investigation to examine all available evidence for a society before beginning of an investigation. There are so many different stimuli that contribute to the development of culture and as such development can only be understood by first examining the specific culture in order to identify the sources of stimuli. It is only after doing this, as advocated by the historical particularists that theories of cultural development can be constructed. An important fact is that these theories should be based on studies that have been carried out over a period of time. Historical facts are also very important and should be considered in the studies. Lasting contributions of historical particularists According to the historical particularists each society has its own unique historical development and should be understood based on its own specific cultural context. A major emphasis is placed on the historical process which is a major determinant of a society’s culture and level of development. Therefore, any attempts to understand a society based on the idea that all cultures and societies follow the same trend in their development process is misguided. As such, particularists contributed so much on the basis upon which societies were evaluated. This school of thought hold that each society should be looked at individually based on proper studies and enough information if any judgment is to be made. It advocated for ethnographic fieldwork in order to collect first hand cultural data from which information is gained to help describe particular cultures. This has gone a long way in changing theory formulation about culture and society. This school of thought helped to abolish the use of established general theories for all societies since it takes fieldwork and history as methods of cultural analysis. It also called for an end to ethnocentrism in the field of anthropology and instead advocated for the anthropologists to use ethnological fieldwork to gather sound evidence that can be used when analyzing culture. This has helped in understanding of culture in its full context and in their terms. This is because this school of thought has not favored the evaluation of one culture against another. This school of thought has also succeeded in excluding racism from anthropology and issues that have to do with judgment of cultures and societies as regards development issues. This is because it has advocated for the full understanding of the culture under judgment including its language and way of thought. Once this is done by the anthropologists, then racist judgments and use of pre-conceived ideas will not influence the judgments made. It was also as a result of the work of the influence of this school of thought that research began to focus on differences rather than on similarities between societies( Moore 2004) a turn that remained in the field of study for a long time.